Two randomized crossover multicenter studies investigating gastrointestinal symptoms after bread consumption in individuals with noncoeliac wheat sensitivity : do wheat species and fermentation type matter?

Background: Many individuals reduce their bread intake because they believe wheat causes their gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Different wheat species and processing methods may affect these responses. Objectives: We investigated the effects of 6 different bread types (prepared from 3 wheat species and 2 fermentation conditions) on GI symptoms in individuals with self-reported noncoeliac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). Methods: Two parallel, randomized, double-blind, crossover, multicenter studies were conducted. NCWS individuals, in whom coeliac disease and wheat allergy were ruled out, received 5 slices of yeast fermented (YF) (study A, n = 20) or sourdough fermented (SF) (study B, n = 20) bread made of bread wheat, spelt, or emmer in a randomized order on 3 separate test days. Each test day was preceded by a run-in period of 3 d of a symptom-free diet and separated by a wash-out period of ≥7 d. GI symptoms were evaluated by change in symptom score (test day minus average of the 3-d run-in period) on a 0–100 mm visual analogue scale (ΔVAS), comparing medians using the Friedman test. Responders were defined as an increase in ΔVAS of ≥15 mm for overall GI symptoms, abdominal discomfort, abdominal pain, bloating, and/or flatulence. Results: GI symptoms did not differ significantly between breads of different grains [YF bread wheat median ΔVAS 10.4 mm (IQR 0.0–17.8 mm), spelt 4.9 mm (−7.6 to 9.4 mm), emmer 11.0 mm (0.0–21.3 mm), P = 0.267; SF bread wheat 10.5 mm (−3.1 to 31.5 mm), spelt 11.3 mm (0.0–15.3 mm), emmer 4.0 mm (−2.9 to 9.3 mm), P = 0.144]. The number of responders was also comparable for both YF (6 to wheat, 5 to spelt, and 7 to emmer, P = 0.761) and SF breads (9 to wheat, 7 to spelt, and 8 to emmer, P = 0.761). Conclusions: The majority of NCWS individuals experienced some GI symptoms for ≥1 of the breads, but on a group level, no differences were found between different grains for either YF or SF breads. Clinical Trial Registry: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04084470 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04084470).

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	de Graaf, Marlijne, Timmers, Emma, Bonekamp, Bo, van Rooy, Gonny, Witteman, Ben, Shewry, Peter R., Lovegrove, Alison, America, Twan, Gilissen, Luud, Keszthelyi, Daniel, Brouns, Fred, Jonkers, Daisy M.A.E.
Format:	Article/Letter to editor biblioteca
Language:	English
Subjects:	emmer, gastrointestinal symptoms, noncoeliac wheat sensitivity, sourdough fermented bread, spelt, wheat, yeast fermented bread,
Online Access:	https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/two-randomized-crossover-multicenter-studies-investigating-gastro
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!