Caffeine, D-glucuronolactone and taurine content in energy drinks: Exposure and risk assessment

Caffeine, D-glucuronolactone and taurine content in energy drinks: Exposure and risk assessment

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This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Eating in Relation to National Dietary Guidelines.

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Main Authors: Rubio, Carmen, Cámara, Montaña, Giner, Rosa María, González-Muñoz, María José, López-García, Esther, Morales, F. J., Moreno-Arribas, M. Victoria, Portillo, María P., Bethencourt, Elena
Other Authors: Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Format: artículo biblioteca
Language:English
Published: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2022
Subjects:Energy drinks, Risk management, Caffeine, Risk characterization, Taurine, Exposure assessment, D-glucuronolactone,
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/297200
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spelling dig-cial-es-10261-2972002023-03-10T11:03:18Z Caffeine, D-glucuronolactone and taurine content in energy drinks: Exposure and risk assessment Rubio, Carmen Cámara, Montaña Giner, Rosa María González-Muñoz, María José López-García, Esther Morales, F. J. Moreno-Arribas, M. Victoria Portillo, María P. Bethencourt, Elena Universidad Complutense de Madrid Energy drinks Risk management Caffeine Risk characterization Taurine Exposure assessment D-glucuronolactone This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Eating in Relation to National Dietary Guidelines. The consumption of energy drinks (EDs) is increasing globally while the evidence and concern about the potential health risks are also growing. Caffeine (generally 32 mg/100 mL) together with a wide variety of other active components such as taurine (usually 4000 mg/L) and D-glucuronolactone (generally 2400 mg/L) are the main ingredients of EDs. This study aims to assess the exposures to caffeine, taurine and D-glucuronolactone from EDs in various consumption scenarios and consumer profiles and to characterize the risks by evaluating caffeine and taurine intakes with their reference values and by calculating the margin of safety (MOS) for D-glucuronolactone. While the exposure assessment results showed that caffeine intakes from EDs ranged from 80 to 160 mg (1.14–4 mg/kg b.w.) for the considered scenarios, the risk characterization estimated some risks that could be managed with consumption recommendations such as limiting EDs in 40, 60 and 80 kg b.w. consumers to 175, 262.5 and 350 mL, respectively, to prevent sleep disturbances and to 375, 562.5 and 750 mL to prevent general caffeine adverse health risks, respectively. Dietary exposure to D-glucuronolactone from EDs ranged from 600 to 1200 mg (7.5–30 mg/kg b.w.). As D-glucuronolactone MOS ≥ 100 is only observed when EDs consumption is limited to 250 mL, for individuals weighing above 60 kg, some risks were observed in some of the studied scenarios. A taurine exposure from EDs varied from 1000 to 2000 mg (12.5–50 mg/kg b.w.) and consumptions over 500 mL were estimated to generate intakes above the reference value. In conclusion, the management of these risks requires a European legal framework for EDs with maximum limits for the active components, volume size limitations and labeling improvements along with the development of education and awareness programs and risk communication actions in collaboration with the industry and society. This research was funded by UCM (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) ALIMNOVA Research Group ref: 951505. Peer reviewed 2023-03-10T11:03:17Z 2023-03-10T11:03:17Z 2022 artículo Nutrients 14(23): 5103 (2022) http://hdl.handle.net/10261/297200 10.3390/nu14235103 2072-6643 36501132 en Nutrients Publisher's version https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235103 Sí open application/pdf Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
institution CIAL ES
collection DSpace
country España
countrycode ES
component Bibliográfico
access En linea
databasecode dig-cial-es
tag biblioteca
region Europa del Sur
libraryname Biblioteca del CIAL España
language English
topic Energy drinks
Risk management
Caffeine
Risk characterization
Taurine
Exposure assessment
D-glucuronolactone
Energy drinks
Risk management
Caffeine
Risk characterization
Taurine
Exposure assessment
D-glucuronolactone
spellingShingle Energy drinks
Risk management
Caffeine
Risk characterization
Taurine
Exposure assessment
D-glucuronolactone
Energy drinks
Risk management
Caffeine
Risk characterization
Taurine
Exposure assessment
D-glucuronolactone
Rubio, Carmen
Cámara, Montaña
Giner, Rosa María
González-Muñoz, María José
López-García, Esther
Morales, F. J.
Moreno-Arribas, M. Victoria
Portillo, María P.
Bethencourt, Elena
Caffeine, D-glucuronolactone and taurine content in energy drinks: Exposure and risk assessment
description This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Eating in Relation to National Dietary Guidelines.
author2 Universidad Complutense de Madrid
author_facet Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Rubio, Carmen
Cámara, Montaña
Giner, Rosa María
González-Muñoz, María José
López-García, Esther
Morales, F. J.
Moreno-Arribas, M. Victoria
Portillo, María P.
Bethencourt, Elena
format artículo
topic_facet Energy drinks
Risk management
Caffeine
Risk characterization
Taurine
Exposure assessment
D-glucuronolactone
author Rubio, Carmen
Cámara, Montaña
Giner, Rosa María
González-Muñoz, María José
López-García, Esther
Morales, F. J.
Moreno-Arribas, M. Victoria
Portillo, María P.
Bethencourt, Elena
author_sort Rubio, Carmen
title Caffeine, D-glucuronolactone and taurine content in energy drinks: Exposure and risk assessment
title_short Caffeine, D-glucuronolactone and taurine content in energy drinks: Exposure and risk assessment
title_full Caffeine, D-glucuronolactone and taurine content in energy drinks: Exposure and risk assessment
title_fullStr Caffeine, D-glucuronolactone and taurine content in energy drinks: Exposure and risk assessment
title_full_unstemmed Caffeine, D-glucuronolactone and taurine content in energy drinks: Exposure and risk assessment
title_sort caffeine, d-glucuronolactone and taurine content in energy drinks: exposure and risk assessment
publisher Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
publishDate 2022
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/297200
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