How Pro-Poor Is the Selection of Seasonal Migrant Workers from Tonga under New Zealand's Recognized Seasonal Employer Program?

Temporary migration programs for unskilled workers are increasingly being proposed as a way to both relieve labor shortages in developed countries and aid development in sending countries without entailing many of the costs associated with permanent migration. New Zealand's new Recognized Seasonal Employer program is designed to enable unskilled workers from the Pacific Islands to work in horticulture and viticulture in New Zealand for a period of up to seven months. However, the development impact on a sending country will depend not only on how many workers participate, but also on who participates. This paper uses new survey data from Tonga to examine the process of selecting workers for the Recognized Seasonal Employer program, and to analyze how pro-poor the recruitment process has been to date. The findings show that recruited workers come from largely agricultural backgrounds, and have lower average incomes and schooling levels than Tongans not participating in the program. Comparing the characteristics of program workers with those of Tongans applying to permanently migrate to New Zealand through the Pacific Access Category, the program workers are more rural and less educated. The program therefore seems to have succeeded in creating new opportunities for relatively poor and unskilled Tongans to work in New Zealand.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Gibson, John, McKenzie, David, Rohorua, Halahingano
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2008-08
Subjects:	AGE GROUP, AGRICULTURAL INCOME, AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT, APPLICATION PROCESS, ATM, ATM CARD, AWARENESS CAMPAIGN, BANK ACCOUNT, BUDGETING, CHURCH MEETINGS, COMMUNITY LEADERS, COMMUNITY SURVEY, CONTRACTOR, DEPOSIT, EARNING, EARNINGS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATION LEVELS, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYER, EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EQUALITY, EXPENDITURE, FAMILIES, FAMILY MEMBER, FAMILY MEMBERS, FEMALE PARTICIPATION, FINANCIAL HARDSHIP, FINANCIAL NEED, GENDER, HOURS OF WORK, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLDS, INCOME LEVEL, INCOMES, INFLATION, INSURANCE, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, JOB OFFER, JOBS, LABOR MIGRATION, LABOR SHORTAGES, LABOUR, LITERACY, LOCAL NEWSPAPERS, LOW INCOME, MIGRANT WORKERS, MINIMUM WAGE, PACIFIC ISLANDS, PERMANENT RESIDENCE, PHONE PENETRATION, PREVIOUS WAGE, PRIVATE SECTOR, RAPID GROWTH, REMITTANCES, RURAL WORKERS, SALES, SEASONAL WORKERS, SKILLED INDIVIDUALS, SMALL BUSINESS, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES, TEMPORARY WORK, TOTAL COST, UNSKILLED WORKERS, URBAN WORKERS, VILLAGE, VILLAGES, WAGE SECTOR, WAGES, WORK IN PROGRESS, WORK PROGRAM, WORKER, WORKING, WORKING AGE,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/08/9794375/pro-poor-selection-seasonal-migrant-workers-tonga-under-new-zealands-recognized-seasonal-employer-program https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6786
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