International Migration and Gender Differentials in the Home Labor Market : Evidence from Albania

This paper examines the role of male-dominated international migration in shaping labor market outcomes by gender in migrant-sending households in Albania. Using detailed information on family migration experience from the latest Living Standards Measurement Study survey, the authors find that male and female labor supplies respond differently to the current and past migration episodes of household members. Controlling for the potential endogeneity of migration and for the income (remittances) effect, the estimates show that having a migrant abroad decreases female paid labor supply and increases unpaid work. However, women with past family migration experience are significantly more likely to engage in self-employment and less likely to supply unpaid work. The same relationships do not hold for men. These findings suggest that over time male-dominated Albanian migration may lead to women's empowerment in access to income-earning opportunities at the origin.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Mendola, Mariapia, Carletto, Gero
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper biblioteca
Language:	English
Published:	2009-04-01
Subjects:	ACCOUNTING, ADULT WOMEN, AGE GROUPS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, BARGAINING, BARGAINING POWER, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, CHILD CARE, CHILD CARE COSTS, CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION, CONTROL OVER RESOURCES, COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, CREDIT ACCESS, CREDIT CONSTRAINTS, CULTURAL NORMS, DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISABLED, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, EARNING, EARNING CAPACITY, EARNINGS, ECONOMIC CHANGES, ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC RESOURCES, ECONOMIC STATUS, ECONOMICS, EDUCATED WOMEN, EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYER, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES, EMPLOYMENT PATTERN, EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS, EMPLOYMENT RATE, EMPLOYMENT RATES, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, EMPOWERMENT, EXCLUSION, EXCLUSION RESTRICTION, EXOGENOUS VARIABLES, EXTENDED FAMILY, EXTERNAL MIGRATION, FAMILIES, FAMILY DECISION, FAMILY FARM, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY REUNIFICATION, FAMILY STRUCTURE, FEMALE CHILDREN, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, FEMALE POPULATION, FEMALE WAGE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE WORK, FERTILITY, FIXED COSTS, FOREIGN LABOR, FUTURE GENERATIONS, GENDER, GENDER ASPECTS, GENDER BIAS, GENDER COMPOSITION, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DIFFERENTIALS, GENDER DISPARITIES, GENDER EQUITY, GENDER GAP, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GENDER RELATIONS, GENDER SPECIFIC, GROUP OF WOMEN, HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD, HOME LABOR, HOUSEHOLD ASSETS, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD WEALTH, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUSBAND, HUSBANDS, ILLNESS, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INFLOW OF REMITTANCES, INFORMAL LABOR MARKET, INFORMAL SECTOR, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES, JOB STATUS, JOBS, LABOR COMPENSATION, LABOR COSTS, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR FORCE POPULATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET IMPACT, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET PERFORMANCE, LABOR MARKET SITUATION, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MIGRATION, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR RELATIONS, LABOR SUPPLIES, LABOR SUPPLY, LEGAL STATUS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL LABOR MARKET, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MARITAL STATUS, MARKET CONSTRAINTS, MARKET ECONOMY, MARKET WAGE, MARKET WAGES, MARRIED WOMEN, MIGRANT, MIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION DECISIONS, MIGRATION EXPERIENCE, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION PROCESS, MIGRATION STATUS, MODERNIZATION, NATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT, NATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, NEW MARKET, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, OCCUPATION, OCCUPATIONS, OLDER WOMEN, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, PAID WORKER, PARTICIPATION BY WOMEN, PENSIONS, PERMANENT JOB, PHYSICAL CAPITAL, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POTENTIAL MIGRANTS, PREVIOUS JOB, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICE, PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT, RECEIPT, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, REMUNERATIVE EMPLOYMENT, RENTS, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESPECT, RETIREMENT, RETURNEES, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SELF EMPLOYED, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SKILLED LABOR, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIOLOGISTS, SPOUSE, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TEMPORARY MIGRANTS, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, TEMPORARY WORKERS, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TOTAL LABOR FORCE, TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS, UNPAID WORKERS, URBAN POVERTY, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WOMAN, WORK FORCE, WORKER, WORKING WOMEN, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG WOMEN,
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090414093427 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4094
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