A Review of Regulatory Instruments to Control Environmental Externalities from the Transport Sector

This study reviews regulatory instruments designed to reduce environmental externalities from the transport sector. The study finds that the main regulatory instruments used in practice are fuel economy standards, vehicle emission standards, and fuel quality standards. Although industrialized countries have introduced all three standards with strong enforcement mechanisms, most developing countries have yet to introduce fuel economy standards. The emission standards introduced by many developing countries to control local air pollutants follow either the European Union or United States standards. Fuel quality standards, particularly for gasoline and diesel, have been introduced in many countries mandating 2 to 10 percent blending of biofuels, 10 to 50 times reduction of sulfur from 1996 levels, and banning lead contents. Although inspection and maintenance programs are in place in both industrialized and developing countries to enforce regulatory standards, these programs have faced several challenges in developing countries due to a lack of resources. The study also highlights several factors affecting the selection of regulatory instruments, such as countries' environmental priorities and institutional capacities.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Timilsina, Govinda R., Dulal, Hari B.
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper biblioteca
Language:	English
Published:	2009-03-01
Subjects:	AIR, AIR EMISSIONS, AIR POLLUTANT, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY STANDARDS, ALTERNATIVE FUELS, AUTO INDUSTRY, AUTO MANUFACTURERS, AUTOMOBILE, AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, AUTOMOBILES, AUTOMOTIVE FUEL, AUTOMOTIVE FUEL EFFICIENCY, AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY, AVERAGE VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY, BOARD ANNUAL MEETING, BUS FLEET, BUSES, CAR, CAR OWNERSHIP, CAR USAGE, CARBON EMISSION, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON MONOXIDE, CARBON TAX, CARS, CITY BUS, CLASSES OF VEHICLES, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN ENERGY, CLEAN FUEL, CLEANER FUELS, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMMERCIAL VEHICLES, COMMUTERS, CONGESTION PRICING, CRASH COSTS, DIESEL, DIESEL CARS, DIESEL ENGINES, DIESEL FUEL, DIESEL FUELS, DIESEL VEHICLES, DOMESTIC AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, DRIVERS, DRIVING, DRIVING PUBLIC, DRIVING RESTRICTIONS, EMISSION CONTROL, EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS, EMISSION DATA, EMISSION LIMIT, EMISSION LIMIT VALUE, EMISSION RATES, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIAL, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSION REGULATIONS, EMISSION STANDARDS, EMISSION TESTS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS FROM ROAD, EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT, EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE, EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS RELATIVE, EMISSIONS STANDARDS, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENGINE, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, EXHAUST EMISSIONS, FREIGHT, FREIGHT TRANSPORT, FUEL, FUEL CELLS, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR PASSENGER CARS, FUEL ECONOMY, FUEL ECONOMY IMPROVEMENT, FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS, FUEL EFFICIENCY STANDARDS, FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES, FUEL QUALITY, FUEL SAVINGS, FUEL STANDARDS, FUEL TAX, FUEL TAX REVENUES, FUEL-EFFICIENT VEHICLES, FUELS, GAS TAX, GASOLINE, GASOLINE CONSUMPTION, GASOLINE TAX, GASOLINE TAXES, GASOLINE VEHICLES, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GASES, GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT, HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES, HEAVY VEHICLES, HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE, HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLES, HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE, HYBRID VEHICLES, HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS, HYDROCARBONS, INSPECTION, LAND USE, LANES, LEAD EMISSIONS, LIGHT TRUCK, LIGHT TRUCK FUEL ECONOMY, LIGHT TRUCKS, LIGHT VEHICLES, LOAD FACTORS, LOCAL AIR POLLUTANTS, LOCAL AIR POLLUTION, LOCAL AIR QUALITY, LOWER EMISSIONS, METHANE, MODAL SPLIT, MOTOR CYCLES, MOTOR FUEL, MOTOR VEHICLE, MOTOR VEHICLE AIR POLLUTION, MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS, MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL, MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION, MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY, MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION, MOTOR VEHICLES, MOTORISTS, NITRIC OXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES, OXIDES OF NITROGEN, OXIDES OF SULFUR, PASSENGER TRANSPORT, PASSENGER VEHICLE, PASSENGER VEHICLES, PERSONAL VEHICLES, PETROL VEHICLES, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PICKUP TRUCKS, POLLUTION CONTROL, POLLUTION PROBLEMS, POLLUTION REDUCTION, POLLUTION REDUCTION STRATEGY, PRIVATE VEHICLES, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, REFINERY, REMOTE SENSING, RIDER, ROAD, ROAD CAPACITY, ROAD TRAFFIC, ROAD VEHICLES, ROADS, SAFETY, SAFETY INSPECTIONS, SPEEDS, STREETS, STRICTER ENFORCEMENT, SULFUR, TAILPIPE EMISSIONS, TAXIS, TOLL, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC CONGESTION, TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT DEMAND, TRANSPORT POLICIES, TRANSPORT POLICY, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRANSPORT SECTOR EMISSIONS, TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, TRAVEL DEMAND, TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT, URBAN ROADWAYS, URBAN TRANSPORT, URBAN TRANSPORTATION, VEHICLE, VEHICLE CATEGORY, VEHICLE COSTS, VEHICLE DESIGN, VEHICLE EMISSION, VEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL, VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDS, VEHICLE EMISSIONS, VEHICLE ENGINES, VEHICLE EXHAUST, VEHICLE FLEET, VEHICLE FLEETS, VEHICLE FUEL, VEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENCY, VEHICLE LANES, VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS, VEHICLE MILEAGE, VEHICLE MILES, VEHICLE OCCUPANCY, VEHICLE OWNERS, VEHICLE OWNERSHIP, VEHICLE RESTRICTIONS,
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090317095252 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4062
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