Private Non-State Sector Engagement in the Provision of Educational Services at the Primary and Secondary Levels in South Asia : An Analytical Review of Its Role in School Enrollment and Student Achievement

Private (non-state) sector engagement in the provision of educational services at the primary and secondary levels in South Asia has recently undergone remarkable growth. This type of education comes in various forms, such as schools financed and managed by the private sector, schools financed by the government and managed by the private sector, private school vouchers, and tutoring outside the classroom. According to recent household survey data, almost one-third of school-goers aged 6 to 18 years in South Asia go to private schools, with a high concentration in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Data for India, Nepal, and Pakistan show that on average, private schools perform at least as well as government schools on student test scores, after controlling for socioeconomic factors, and they do so at significantly lower costs to society. However, student achievement varies greatly across schools of each type, with many weak private schools as well as strong government schools. Substantial, albeit indirect, evidence points to teacher behavior and accountability as an important driver of the effectiveness of private schools. In the long run, however, many factors may play important roles in sustaining the private sector's advantage. Another risk is that overall poor quality in a large government sector may set a low benchmark for the private sector. The findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of government regulations for private schools, given weak institutional capacity. Public-private partnerships with effective accountability mechanisms could leverage both equity and efficiency. Finally, it appears important to understand and customize teaching to the child's individual level.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Dahal, Mahesh, Nguyen, Quynh
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014-06
Subjects:	ABLE STUDENTS, ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, ACADEMIC RESEARCH, ACADEMIC SUPPORT, ACHIEVEMENT OUTCOMES, AGE GROUPS, AVAILABILITY OF DESKS, AVERAGE TEST SCORES, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC LITERACY, BASIC SCHOOLING, BETTER SCHOOLS, BOARD OF DIRECTORS, CAREER, CATHOLIC SCHOOLS, CLASSROOM, CLASSROOM TEACHING, COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT, COMPETENCIES, COMPUTER SOFTWARE, COST PER STUDENT, CURRICULUM, DEGREES, DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN, DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS, DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS, ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION, EDUCATED PARENTS, EDUCATION ECONOMICS, EDUCATION POLICY, EDUCATION REFORM, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATION SYSTEM, EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS, EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES, EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH, EDUCATIONAL SERVICES, ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS, ELEMENTS, EMPLOYMENT, END OF GRADE, ENGLISH TEACHING, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT OF CHILDREN, EQUITY IN EDUCATION, EXAM, FEMALE SECONDARY SCHOOL ASSISTANCE PROJECT, FEMALE STUDENTS, FORMAL SCHOOL PROGRAM, FORMAL TRAINING, GENDER DISPARITIES, GENDER GAP, GIRLS, GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOLS, GRADE LEVELS, GRADE TEACHING, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RESOURCES, IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES, INSTRUCTION, INSTRUCTION METHODS, INSTRUCTORS, INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION, INTERVENTIONS, LANGUAGE CURRICULUM, LANGUAGE EDUCATION, LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION, LEADERSHIP, LEARNING, LEARNING MATERIALS, LEARNING OUTCOMES, LIBRARIES, LITERACY, LITERACY ASSESSMENT, LITERATURE, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL LABOR MARKET, LOCAL TEACHERS, LOW ACHIEVEMENT, MATH TEST, MATHEMATICS, MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION, NUMERACY, OLDER AGE GROUPS, OPEN ACCESS, OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN, PAPERS, PASS RATE, PAYMENT OF FEES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY LEVEL, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, PRIVATE PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PRIVATE SCHOOL, PRIVATE SCHOOL STUDENTS, PRIVATE SCHOOL TEACHERS, PRIVATE SCHOOL VOUCHERS, PRIVATE SCHOOLING, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, PRIVATE SECTOR PROVIDERS, PRIVATE TUTORING, PRIVATE UNAIDED SCHOOLS, PRIVATE UNREGISTERED SCHOOLS, PROFICIENCY, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC SCHOOL, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, QUALIFIED TEACHERS, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, RATE OF STUDENTS, READING, READING SKILLS, REGULAR CURRICULUM, RELIGIOUS EDUCATION, RELIGIOUS SCHOOLS, REMEDIAL EDUCATION, REMEDIAL READING, RIGHT TO EDUCATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL STUDENTS, SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT, SCHOOL CENSUS, SCHOOL CENSUSES, SCHOOL COMMITTEE, SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION, SCHOOL EDUCATION, SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL ESTABLISHMENT, SCHOOL FEES, SCHOOL GOVERNANCE, SCHOOL HOURS, SCHOOL LEVEL, SCHOOL LIBRARIES, SCHOOL MANAGEMENT, SCHOOL PARTICIPATION, SCHOOL PERFORMANCE, SCHOOL SIZE, SCHOOL STATISTICS, SCHOOL SURVEYS, SCHOOL TEACHING, SCHOOL TUITION, SCHOOL TYPES, SCHOOL-CHILDREN, SCHOOLING FOR GIRLS, SCHOOLING QUALITY, SCHOOLS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SECONDARY STUDENTS, SOCIAL BENEFITS, STANDARDIZED TESTS, STIPENDS, STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT, STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT OUTCOMES, STUDENT ASSESSMENT, STUDENT ASSESSMENTS, STUDENT ENROLLMENT, STUDENT LEARNING, STUDENT OUTCOMES, STUDENT PARTICIPATION, STUDENT SCORES, STUDENT SUBSIDIES, STUDENT-TEACHER RATIO, SUBJECTS, SUPPLY OF TEACHERS, TEACHER, TEACHER ABSENTEEISM, TEACHER BEHAVIOR, TEACHER CREDENTIALS, TEACHER INCENTIVES, TEACHER KNOWLEDGE, TEACHER MANAGEMENT, TEACHER PAY, TEACHER PERFORMANCE, TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHERS, TEACHING, TEACHING ACTIVITY, TEACHING ASSISTANTS, TEST SCORES, TOTAL ENROLLMENT RATE, TRADE UNIONS, TUITION, TYPES OF SCHOOLS, UNIVERSITIES, UNREGISTERED PRIVATE SCHOOLS,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19604850/private-non-state-sector-engagement-provision-educational-services-primary-secondary-levels-south-asia-analytical-review-role-school-enrollment-student-achievement https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18786
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