Fertility Regulation Behaviors and Their Costs : Contraception and Unintended Pregnancies in Africa and Eastern Europe & Central Asia

The report consists of three parts: global trends in fertility, contraceptive use and unintended pregnancies; studies of two regions (Africa and Eastern Europe/Central Asia) and two countries (Nigeria and Kazakhstan) on the costs of fertility regulation behaviors and provider attitudes towards contraceptive use. Fertility levels have declined steadily over the last three decades but the pace of decline varies among regions. Countries that have achieved a high level of contraceptive use have reached a lower fertility level. A gap continues to exist between actual and desired family size, resulting in unintended pregnancies. More than one-third of the pregnancies that occur are unintended and one in five pregnancies ends in induced abortion. Almost half of all induced abortions are unsafe, and the proportion of all abortions that are unsafe have increased during the last decade. Sixty-six percent of unintended pregnancies occur among women who are not using any method of contraception. Investing in quality family planning programs is a cost-effective way to address unmet need for contraception and reduce the risks of unsafe abortion, thereby improving maternal health. If contraception were provided to the 137 million women who lack access, maternal mortality will decline by 25-35 percent.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Lule, Elizabeth, Singh, Susheela, Chowdhury, Sadia Afroze
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2007-12
Subjects:	ABORTION, ABORTION COMPLICATIONS, ABORTION RATE, ABORTION SERVICES, ACCESS TO ABORTION, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNING, ADOLESCENTS, AGE AT MARRIAGE, ANTENATAL CARE, BABY, BEHAVIOR CHANGE, CHANGES IN FERTILITY, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD HEALTH SERVICES, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD SURVIVAL, CHILDBEARING, CHILDBEARING INTENTIONS, CHILDBIRTH, CHILDREN PER WOMAN, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, COMMODITY SECURITY, CONDOM, CONTRACEPTION, CONTRACEPTIVE COMMODITIES, CONTRACEPTIVE INFORMATION, CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD, CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE, CONTRACEPTIVE SERVICES, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, CONTRACEPTIVES, CULTURAL VALUES, DECLINE IN FERTILITY, DEMAND FOR CONTRACEPTION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISABILITY, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EXPOSURE TO PREGNANCY, FAMILY HEALTH, FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL, FAMILY INCOME, FAMILY PLANNING, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS, FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES, FAMILY SIZE, FEMALE EDUCATION, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FERTILITY, FERTILITY BEHAVIOR, FERTILITY CONTROL, FERTILITY DECLINE, FERTILITY DECLINES, FERTILITY LEVELS, FERTILITY PREFERENCES, FERTILITY RATE, FERTILITY RATES, FERTILITY REGULATION, FERTILITY REGULATION METHODS, FERTILITY TRANSITION, FERTILITY TRENDS, FEWER CHILDREN, FIRST BIRTH, FISTULA, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, HEALTH CONSEQUENCES, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SYSTEM, HIV, HOSPITAL, HOUSEHOLD POVERTY, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, HUSBANDS, IDEAL FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN, ILL HEALTH, IMMUNIZATION, IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATION POLICY, IMPROVEMENTS IN CHILD SURVIVAL, INCOMPLETE ABORTIONS, INEQUITIES, INFANT, INFANT DEATHS, INTERCOURSE, INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON WOMEN, IUD, LACK OF INFORMATION, LACK OF KNOWLEDGE, LARGER FAMILIES, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF FERTILITY, LOW FERTILITY, LOWER FERTILITY, MARRIED WOMEN, MATERNAL DEATHS, MATERNAL HEALTH, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO, MEDICAL TREATMENT, METHOD OF BIRTH CONTROL, METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION, MINIMAL MEDICAL STANDARDS, MINISTRIES OF HEALTH, MODERN CONTRACEPTION, MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE USE, MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES, MODERN METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION, MOTHER, NATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEMS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING, NEWBORN, NEWBORN CARE, NUMBER OF ABORTIONS, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUMBER OF WOMEN, NUTRITION, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, OBSTETRIC CARE, OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY, PACE OF DECLINE, PARENTAL LEAVE, PARENTHOOD FEDERATION, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, POLICY DIALOGUE, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION DIVISION, POPULATION ISSUES, POST ABORTION, POST ABORTION CARE, POST-ABORTION, POST-ABORTION CARE, POST-ABORTION CONTRACEPTIVE, POSTABORTION, POSTABORTION CARE, POST­ABORTION, POST­ABORTION CARE, PRACTITIONERS, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PROVIDER ATTITUDES, PUBLIC HEALTH, QUALITY SERVICES, REDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITY, REPRODUCTIVE AGE, REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH POLICIES, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES, RESPECT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATIONS, RURAL RESIDENCE, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEMS, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SEX, SEX PREFERENCES, SEXUAL INITIATION, SEXUAL PARTNERS, SEXUALLY ACTIVE, SMALL FAMILIES, SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL SCIENCE, SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS, STATUS OF WOMEN, TEENAGE PREGNANCIES, TEENAGERS, UNFPA, UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES, UNINTENDED PREGNANCY, UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND, UNPLANNED PREGNANCIES, UNSAFE ABORTION, UNSAFE ABORTIONS, UNWANTED BIRTHS, UNWANTED PREGNANCIES, UNWANTED PREGNANCY, URBAN POPULATION, URBANIZATION, VICIOUS CYCLE, WOMAN, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUNG WOMEN,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/12/9068966/fertility-regulation-behaviors-costs-contraception-unintended-pregnancies-africa https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13783
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