Factors modulating the avian immune system
The type or intensity of an immune response to a vaccine or a challenge can be influenced by intrinsic factors, such as age and sex of the individual, as well as extrinsic factors, such as environmental conditions, social interactions, type of diet, and exposure to toxicants. This chapter explores the nongenetic factors that influence the immune response of birds and focuses on the underlying mechanisms that mediate them. When possible, the impact of changes in immunity due to extrinsic factors on outcomes, such as susceptibility to infectious challenges or efficacy of vaccinations, is explored. Finally, methods for assessing the changes in immunity that result from nongenetic influences are discussed.
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Part of book or chapter of book biblioteca |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
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| Subjects: | Environment, Hormones, Metabolism, Microbiome, Micronutrients, Modulation, Nutrition, Sex, Stress, |
| Online Access: | https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/factors-modulating-the-avian-immune-system |
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