How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources?

Private tutoring is now a major component of the education sector in many developing countries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges and makes use of it. Various criticisms have been raised against private tutoring, most notably that it exacerbates social inequalities and may even fail to improve student outcomes. This paper surveys the literature for evidence on private tutoring-the extent of the tutoring phenomenon, the factors that explain its growth, and its cost-effectiveness in improving student academic performance. It also presents a framework for assessing the efficiency and equity effects of tutoring. It concludes that tutoring can raise the effectiveness of the education system under certain reasonable assumptions, even taking into account equity concerns, and it offers guidance for attacking corruption and other problems that diminish the contributions of the tutoring sector.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Rogers, F. Halsey, Dang, Hai-Anh
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2008-02
Subjects:	ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE, ACADEMIC RANKING, ACADEMIC SUBJECTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, ADOLESCENTS, ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION, BASIC SKILLS, CHILD CARE, CHILD LABOR, CLASS SIZES, CLASSROOM TEACHERS, COLLEGE EDUCATION, COLLEGE ENTRANCE, COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS, COLLEGE STUDENTS, COLLEGES, COMMUNITY FINANCING, CONSUMER, CONSUMERS, CONTRIBUTIONS, CORRESPONDENCE COURSE, CULTURAL VALUES, CURRICULUM, DELIVERY MECHANISM, DEMAND FOR EDUCATION, DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN, DISSERTATION, EARLY GRADES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION, EDUCATION AGENDA, EDUCATION ECONOMICS, EDUCATION EXPENDITURE, EDUCATION EXPENDITURES, EDUCATION EXPERTS, EDUCATION OUTCOMES, EDUCATION POLICIES, EDUCATION POLICY, EDUCATION PROGRAMS, EDUCATION QUALITY, EDUCATION REFORM, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATION SYSTEM, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION, EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES, EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, EDUCATIONAL PLANNING, EDUCATIONAL POLICY, EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL REFORM, EDUCATIONAL REFORMS, EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH, EDUCATIONAL SUBSIDIES, EFFECTIVE EDUCATION, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS, EMPLOYMENT, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT RATES, EXAM, EXPENDITURES, FIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, FORMAL EDUCATION, FORMAL EDUCATION SECTOR, FORMAL SCHOOL SYSTEMS, FORMAL SCHOOLING, GENDER INEQUALITY, GIRLS, GRADE REPETITION, GROSS ENROLLMENT, GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES, GROSS ENROLMENT, GROSS ENROLMENT RATES, HIGH SCHOOL, HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS, HIGH SCHOOLS, HIGHER EDUCATION, HIGHER INCOMES, HOMEWORK, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SPENDING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME, INCOME LEVELS, INDIVIDUAL LEARNER, INSTRUCTION, INSTRUCTIONAL TIME, INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION, INTERVENTIONS, INVESTING, JOB MARKET, LABOR MARKET, LAW SCHOOLS, LEARNING, LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT, LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LITERACY, LITERATURE, LOW-INCOME, MARKET ECONOMY, MATH, MATHEMATICS, MIDDLE SCHOOL, NUMBER OF STUDENTS, PAPERS, PARENTAL CHOICE, PARENTAL EDUCATION, PERFORMANCE AT SCHOOL, POOR PEOPLE, PREPARATORY SCHOOLS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PRIMARY STUDENTS, PRIMARY-SCHOOL, PRIVATE EDUCATION, PRIVATE SCHOOL, PRIVATE SCHOOLING, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, PRIVATE TUTORING, PROBABILITY, PRODUCTIVITY, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION, PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PUBLIC SCHOOL, PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM, PUBLIC SCHOOLING, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PUBLISHERS, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, RATES OF RETURN, READING, READING ACHIEVEMENT, REASONING, REGIONAL WORKSHOP, REGULAR CLASSROOM, REGULAR TEACHERS, REMEDIAL EDUCATION, REPETITION, REPETITION RATES, RESEARCH EVALUATION, RESEARCHERS, RETIRED, RETURNS TO EDUCATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL SCHOOLS, SCHOOL ACTIVITIES, SCHOOL AGE, SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN, SCHOOL CHILDREN, SCHOOL EDUCATION, SCHOOL FINANCE, SCHOOL HOURS, SCHOOL LEARNING, SCHOOL LEVEL, SCHOOL QUALITY, SCHOOL REFORM, SCHOOL SIZE, SCHOOL TEACHER, SCHOOL TEACHERS, SCHOOL VOUCHERS, SCHOOL-LEAVING EXAMINATIONS, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLS, SCIENCE STUDY, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS, SECONDARY STUDENTS, SHORT COURSES, STANDARDIZED TESTS, STOCK EXCHANGE, STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT, STUDENT ASSESSMENT, STUDENT ASSESSMENTS, STUDENT ATTENDANCE, STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS, STUDENT LEARNING, STUDENT OUTCOMES, STUDENT PERFORMANCE, STUDENT SATISFACTION, SYLLABI, TEACHER, TEACHERS, TEST SCORES, TRAINING COURSES, TUITION, TUTORING, TUTORING PROGRAMS, TUTORS, UNIVERSITIES, UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS, UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE, UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS, UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMS, UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS, UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, UPPER-SECONDARY STUDENTS, URBAN SCHOOLS, WAGE, YOUTH,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/02/9032892/interpret-growing-phenomenon-private-tutoring-human-capital-deepening-inequality-increasing-or-waste-resources https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6587
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