Accessibility and Affordability of Tertiary Education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru within a Global Context

This paper examines the financing of tertiary education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, comparing the affordability and accessibility of tertiary education with that in high-income countries. To measure affordability, the authors estimate education costs, living costs, grants, and loans. Further, they compute the participation rate, attainment rate, and socio-economic equity index in education and the gender equity index as indicators of accessibility. This is the first study attempting to estimate affordability of tertiary education in Latin America within a global context. The analysis combines information from household surveys, expenditure surveys, and administrative and institutional databases. The findings show that families in Latin America have to pay 60 percent of per-capita income for tertiary education per student per year compared with 19 percent in high-income countries. Living costs are significant, at 29 percent of gross domestic product per capita in Latin America (19 percent in high-income countries). Student assistance through grants and loans plays a marginal role in improving affordability. Moreover, the paper confirms previous findings of low access to tertiary education in the region. One policy implication of the findings is that Latin American governments could take steps to make tertiary education more affordable through student assistance.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Murakami, Yuki, Blom, Andreas
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2008-02
Subjects:	ABSOLUTE COSTS, ACADEMIC YEAR, ACCESS INDICATORS, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION, ACCESS TO TERTIARY EDUCATION, ACCESSIBILITY, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA, AFFORDABILITY, APPROACH TO TERTIARY EDUCATION, BANK DATA, BENEFICIARIES, CALCULATION, COMMERCIAL BANKS, COMMUNITY COLLEGES, CONSUMER, CONTRIBUTION, CONTRIBUTIONS, COST ESTIMATE, COST ESTIMATES, COST OF EDUCATION, COSTS OF EDUCATION, COUNTRY STUDIES, CREDIT TRANSFER, CREDITS, DEGREE PROGRAMS, DEVELOPMENT BANK, DIRECT COST, DIRECT COSTS, DISCIPLINES, DISPOSABLE INCOME, DOCTORAL DEGREES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION, EDUCATION EQUITY, EDUCATION INDICATORS, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATION REFORM, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATION STATISTICS, EDUCATION STUDENTS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL EQUITY, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, EDUCATIONAL POLICY, EMPLOYMENT, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT RATIO, EQUALITY, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPENDITURES, FEMALE STUDENTS, FINANCE ACCESS, FINANCES, FINANCIAL AID TO STUDENTS, FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE, FINANCIAL BURDEN, FREE ACCESS, FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION, GENDER, GENDER BALANCES, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER EQUITY, GENDERS, GENERAL POPULATION, GLOBAL EDUCATION, GRADUATION RATES, GRANT PROGRAMS, HIGHER EDUCATION, HIGHER EDUCATION COSTS, HIGHER EDUCATION FINANCE, HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, HIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS, HIGHER EDUCATION RANKINGS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE, HOUSEHOLD SAVING, HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME, INCOME GROUPS, INCOME LEVEL, INCOME-CONTINGENT, INCOME-CONTINGENT LOANS, INDIRECT COSTS, INEQUALITY, INFLATION, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKETS, LACK OF INFORMATION, LATIN AMERICAN, LEARNING, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LITERATURE, LIVING COST, LIVING COSTS, LIVING EXPENSES, LOAN AMOUNT, LOAN PROGRAM, LOAN REPAYMENTS, LOCAL CURRENCY, LOW-INCOME, LOW-INCOME FAMILIES, LOW-INCOME FAMILY, LOW-INCOME STUDENTS, MINISTERS OF EDUCATION, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NEEDY STUDENTS, OCCUPATIONS, PAPERS, POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION, PRICE INDEX, PRIVATE EDUCATION, PRODUCTIVITY, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, PUBLIC SUBSIDIES, PUBLIC TERTIARY EDUCATION, PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES, PUBLIC UNIVERSITY, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, QUALIFIED STUDENTS, READING, REPAYMENT, REPAYMENTS, SALARY, SAVINGS RATES, SCHOLARSHIP, SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM, SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS, SCHOLARSHIPS, SCHOOL LEAVING, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SEMESTERS, SKILLED WORKERS, STATE UNIVERSITY, STUDENT ASSISTANCE, STUDENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM, STUDENT BODY, STUDENT FINANCIAL AID, STUDENT LOAN, STUDENT LOAN PROGRAMS, STUDENT LOANS, STUDENT PERFORMANCE, STUDENT POPULATION, SUBSIDIZATION, TAX BREAK, TAX BREAKS, TAX CREDITS, TAX DEDUCTIONS, TECHNICAL COLLEGES, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCE, TERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCING, TERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TERTIARY EDUCATION SYSTEM, TERTIARY LEVEL, TERTIARY STUDENTS, TEXTBOOKS, TOTAL COST, TOTAL COSTS, TUITION, TUITION COSTS, TUITION FEES, UNEQUAL ACCESS, UNIVERSITIES, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, UNIVERSITY TUITION, WORKERS,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/02/9009520/accessibility-affordability-tertiary-education-brazil-colombia-mexico-peru-within-global-context https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6427
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