An Analysis of Various Policy Instruments to Reduce Congestion, Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Beijing

Using a nested multinomial logit model of car ownership and personal travel in Beijing circa 2005, this paper compares the effectiveness of different policy instruments to reduce traffic congestion and CO2 emissions. The study shows that a congestion toll is more efficient than a fuel tax in reducing traffic congestion, whereas a fuel tax is more effective as a policy instrument for reducing gasoline consumption and emissions. An improvement in car efficiency would also reduce congestion, fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions significantly; however, this policy benefits only richer households that own a car. Low-income households do better under the fuel tax policy than under the efficiency improvement and congestion toll policies. The congestion toll and fuel tax require the travel cost per mile to more than triple. The responsiveness of aggregate fuel and CO2 are, approximately, a 1 percent drop for each 10 percent rise in the money cost of a car trip.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Anas, Alex, Timilsina, Govinda R., Zheng, Siqi
Language:	English
Published:	2009-10-01
Subjects:	ACCELERATION, AGGREGATE EMISSIONS, AGGREGATES, AIR, AIR QUALITY, AMBIENT AIR, AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, ANTI-SPRAWL, AUTO OWNERSHIP, AUTOMOBILE, AUTOMOBILES, AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY, AVERAGE SPEED, AVERAGE SPEEDS, AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH, BICYCLING, BUS, BUS RIDE, BUSES, CALIBRATION, CAR, CAR FUEL, CAR MODES, CAR OCCUPANCY, CAR OWNERS, CAR OWNERSHIP, CAR TRAFFIC, CAR TRAVEL, CAR TRIP, CAR TRIPS, CAR USE, CAR USERS, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARRYING CAPACITIES, CARRYING CAPACITY, CARS, CENTRAL CITIES, CHOICE OF MODE, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN AIR INITIATIVE, CLEAN ENERGY, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMMUTING, CONGESTION, CONGESTION CHARGING, CONGESTION CHARGING SCHEME, CONGESTION DELAY, CONGESTION EXTERNALITY, CONGESTION TOLLS, CONSTRUCTION, COST OF CAR OWNERSHIP, COST OF TRAVEL, COST PER TRIP, COSTS PER TRIP, DAILY TRAFFIC, DEMANDS FOR TRAVEL, DISCRETIONARY TRAVEL, DISCRETIONARY TRIPS, DISPOSABLE INCOME, DRIVING, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EFFICIENT VEHICLES, ELASTICITIES, ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND, ELASTICITY, ELASTICITY OF TRAVEL, ELECTRIC CARS, EMISSION, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, EQUATIONS, EXCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION, EXTERNALITIES, FLOOR SPACE, FUEL, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL COST, FUEL COST SAVINGS, FUEL EFFICIENCY, FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT, FUEL PRICE, FUEL TAX, FUEL TAX INCREASES, FUEL TAX RATE, FUEL USE, GAS, GAS CONSUMPTION, GAS TAX, GASOLINE, GASOLINE CONSUMPTION, GASOLINE TAX, GREENHOUSE GASES, HIGH SPEEDS, IMPACT OF CONGESTION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MOBILITY, LAND USE, LOCAL AIR POLLUTION, LONGER DISTANCES, LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS, MOBILITY, MODE OF TRAVEL, MODES OF TRAVEL, NESTED LOGIT MODEL, NITROGEN, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, PASSENGER, PASSENGER TRAVEL, PASSENGERS, PERSON-TRIPS, PERSONAL TRAVEL, POPULATION DENSITY, PRICE ELASTICITY, PRICE OF FUEL, PRIVATE VEHICLE, PRIVATE VEHICLE OWNERSHIP, PUBLIC ROADS, PUBLIC TRANSIT, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PURCHASES, RAIL, RAIL MASS TRANSIT, RAIL TRANSIT, RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEMS, REMOTE, ROAD, ROAD CAPACITY, ROAD CONGESTION, ROAD NETWORK, ROAD SPEED, ROAD TOLL, ROAD TRAFFIC, ROAD TRANSPORT, ROUND TRIP, SALES TAX RATE, SHARING, SPRAWL, SPRAWL POLICIES, SPREADING, SQUARE, STREAM, SUBURBS, SUBWAY, SULFUR, SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT, SYMBOLS, TAX REVENUE, THREE-STAGE, TOLL, TOLL INCREASE, TOLL INCREASES, TOWNS, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC CONGESTION, TRAFFIC DEMAND, TRAFFIC EXTERNALITIES, TRAFFIC FLOWS, TRAFFIC SPEED, TRAFFIC VOLUME, TRANSIT CAPACITY, TRANSIT TRIPS, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRANSPORT SECTOR EMISSIONS, TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS, TRANSPORTATION PLANNERS, TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH, TRAVEL BY CAR, TRAVEL COSTS, TRAVEL DEMAND, TRAVEL DISTANCE, TRAVEL MODE, TRAVEL MODES, TRAVEL SPEED, TRAVEL TIME, TRAVEL TIMES, TRAVELERS, TRIP, TRIP BY CAR, TRIP DISTANCE, TRIP MAKING, TRIP TIME, TRIPS, TRIPS BY CAR, TRIPS BY MODE, TRIPS PER DAY, TRUCK TRAFFIC, TRUCKS, TRUST FUND, UPPER, URBAN AREAS, URBAN TRANSPORTATION, URBANIZATION, VALUE OF TIME, VEHICLE EFFICIENCY, VEHICLE EMISSIONS, VEHICLE FUEL, VEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENCY, VEHICLE KILOMETERS, VEHICLE SPEED, VEHICLE TRIP, VEHICLE-KILOMETERS, VEHICLES, VOLUME OF TRAFFIC, WALKING, WORK TRAVEL, WORK TRIP, WORK TRIPS,
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20091006110044 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/4259
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