Ladies First? Firm-level Evidence on the Labor Impacts of the East Asian Crisis

In a crisis, do employers place the burden of adjustment disproportionately on female employees? Relying on household and labor force data, existing studies of the distributional impact of crises have not been able to address this question. This paper uses Indonesia's census of manufacturing firms to analyze employer responses and to identify mechanisms by which gender differences in impact may arise, notably differential treatment of men and women within firms as well as gender sorting across firms that varied in their exposure to the crisis. On average, women experienced higher job losses than their male colleagues within the same firm. However, the aggregate adverse effect of such differential treatment was more than offset by women being disproportionately employed in firms hit relatively less hard by the crisis. The 0 hypothesis that there were no gender differences in wage adjustment is not rejected. Analyzing how employer characteristics impact labor market adjustment patterns contributes to the understanding of who is vulnerable in volatile times.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, Rijkers, Bob, Waxman, Andrew
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper biblioteca
Language:	English
Published:	2011-09-01
Subjects:	ABSENTEEISM, ADJUSTMENT COSTS, AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT, APPAREL INDUSTRY, ATTRITION, AVERAGE WAGE, AVERAGE WAGES, BUSINESS CYCLE, COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION, CREATIVE DESTRUCTION, CRISES, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISCRIMINATION, EARNINGS REGRESSIONS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS, EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT IMPACT, EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION, EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES, EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS, EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS, EMPLOYMENT RATES, ENTRY RATE, FEMALE, FEMALE EMPLOYEES, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE WORKERS, FEMINIST, FEMINIST ECONOMICS, FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, FIRM EXIT, FIRM GROWTH, FIRM LEVEL, FIRM PERFORMANCE, FIRM SIZE, FIRM SURVIVAL, FIRM-LEVEL ANALYSIS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN-OWNED FIRMS, GENDER, GENDER ACTION, GENDER BIAS, GENDER COMPOSITION, GENDER DIFFERENCE, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DIMENSIONS, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER EQUITY, GENDER GAP, GENDER IMBALANCES, GENDER IMPACT, GENDER IMPLICATIONS, GENDER INEQUALITY, GENDER NEUTRAL, GENDER NORMS, GENDER PERSPECTIVES, GENDER SEGREGATION, GENDER SPECIFIC, GENDER WAGE GAPS, GIRLS, GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, HOME, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RESOURCES, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INEQUALITY, INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES, INTEREST RATES, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION, JOB CREATION, JOB DESTRUCTION, JOB LOSSES, JOBS, LABOR ADJUSTMENT, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR DISPUTES, LABOR ECONOMICS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR LAWS, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT, LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR REGULATION, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR, LABOUR DEMAND, LABOUR MARKET, LABOUR MARKETS, LAYOFFS, LIVING STANDARDS, MALE COUNTERPARTS, MALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, MALE WORKERS, MANUFACTURING WAGES, MATERNITY LEAVE, MINIMUM WAGE, MINIMUM WAGES, MULTI-PLANT FIRMS, NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, NET EMPLOYMENT, NET JOB CREATION, NET JOB LOSSES, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NUTRITION, OCCUPATION, OCCUPATIONS, OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE, POLICY BRIEF, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY REGIME, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH REPORT ON GENDER, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PROPORTION OF WOMEN, PUBLIC SECTOR DOWNSIZING, RADIO, REAL WAGE, REAL WAGES, RISK SHARING, ROLE OF GENDER, SEX, SKILLED EMPLOYEES, SMALL MANUFACTURING, STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES, STATUS OF WOMEN, SURVIVAL ANALYSIS, TELEVISION, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TOTAL WAGE, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, UNDP, UNITED NATIONS, UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS, UNPAID WORKERS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN MIGRATION, VULNERABILITY, WAGE ADJUSTMENT, WAGE BILL, WAGE DATA, WAGE DIFFERENCES, WAGE EFFECTS, WAGE GAP, WAGE GROWTH, WAGE LOSSES, WAGE POLICIES, WAGE RIGIDITIES, WHITE COLLAR WORKERS, WILL, WOMEN EMPLOYEES, WOMEN WORKERS, WORKER, WORKER HETEROGENEITY, WORKERS, WORKFORCE,
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110906103035 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3552
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