Building Engines for Growth and Competitiveness in China : Experience with Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters

China's meteoric economic rise over the past three decades is an unprecedented "growth miracle" in human history. Since the Open Door policy and reforms that began in 1978, China's gross domestic product (GDP) has been growing at an average annual rate of more than 9 percent, with its global share increasing from 1 percent in 1980 to almost 6.5 percent in 2008 and its per capita GDP increasing from US$193 to US$3,263. Total exports have been growing at an average annual rate of 13 percent (21.5 percent from 1998 to 2007), with China's share of total exports increasing from 1.7 percent in 1980 to 9.5 percent in 2008. In 2007, China's incremental growth in real GDP actually exceeded its entire real GDP in 1979. In 2010, China is set to outpace Japan and become the world's second-largest economy. China has indisputably become an important growth engine of the global economy and a leader in international trade and investment. Rapid growth in the past decades has helped lift more than 400 million people out of poverty. These results are truly impressive. While China's rapid rise has become a hot topic for development debate among policy makers, business people, and scholars all over the world, the numerous special economic zones (SEZs) and industrial clusters that have sprung up since the reforms are undoubtedly two important engines for driving the country's growth.

Bibliographic Details

Main Author:	Zeng, Douglas Zhihua
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank 2010
Subjects:	ACCOUNTING, ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL, ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM, BANK LOANS, BENCHMARKS, BUSINESS ACTIVITIES, BUSINESS ACTIVITY, BUSINESS CENTER, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, BUSINESS NEEDS, BUSINESS PLANNING, BUSINESS SECTOR, BUSINESS SERVICES, BUSINESS VALUE, BUSINESSES, BUYERS, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMY, COMMERCE, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES, COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPETITIVENESS, COMPUTERS, CONCESSIONARY TAX, COPYRIGHT, CORPORATE TAX RATE, CREDIT POLICIES, CURRENCY, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS CLEARANCE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT BANK, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, DIRECT INVESTMENTS, DIVISION OF LABOR, DOMESTIC MARKET, DRIVERS, E-MAIL, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, ECONOMICS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ELECTRICITY, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, EMPLOYMENT, ENABLING ENVIRONMENT, ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS, ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE, ENTRY BARRIERS, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, EQUIPMENT, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPENDITURE, EXPORT GROWTH, EXPORTERS, EXPORTS, EXTERNALITIES, EXTERNALITY, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FISCAL POLICIES, FISHERIES, FIXED INVESTMENT, FOREIGN BANKS, FOREIGN CAPITAL, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, FOREIGN INVESTORS, FOREIGN TRADE, FORESTRY, FREE TRADE, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, GLOBAL ECONOMY, GLOBAL MARKET, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, GOVERNMENT POLICY, GOVERNMENT REVENUE, GOVERNMENT SUPPORT, GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROWTH RATE, HUMAN RESOURCES, INCOME, INCOME TAX, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INFORMATION NETWORKS, INFORMATION SERVICES, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION, INNOVATION PROGRAM, INNOVATIONS, INSPECTION, INSTITUTION, INSURANCE, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, INTERMEDIARY ORGANIZATIONS, INTERMEDIATE GOODS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL MARKET, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVENTION, JUDICIAL SYSTEM, KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABORERS, LEVEL PLAYING FIELD, LICENSE, LICENSES, LOCAL ECONOMY, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOCAL MARKET, LOCAL MARKETS, MANUFACTURING, MARKET ACCESS, MARKET COMPETITION, MARKET CONDITIONS, MARKET ECONOMY, MARKET FAILURE, MARKET PRICES, MARKET SEGMENTS, MARKETING, MATERIAL, MEDIUM ENTERPRISE, MEDIUM ENTERPRISES, MERCHANTS, MINIMUM WAGE, NATIONAL ECONOMY, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NETWORKS, NEW TECHNOLOGIES, OPPORTUNITY COST, PATENTS, PERFORMANCES, PERSONAL COMPUTER, PHOTO, PHYSICAL LOCATION, POLICY ENVIRONMENT, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, POLICY MAKERS, POLLUTION, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCERS, PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION PROCESS, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC GOODS, PURCHASING POWER, QUALITY STANDARDS, QUERIES, R&D, REAL GDP, REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT, RESULT, RESULTS, SATELLITE, SKILLED LABOR, SKILLED WORKERS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL NETWORKS, STOCK EXCHANGE, SUPPLIERS, SUPPLY CHAINS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TARGETS, TAX, TAX EXEMPTION, TAX POLICIES, TAX RATE, TAX RATES, TAX REDUCTION, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGY CONSULTING, TECHNOLOGY PARK, TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, TELECOM, TELEPHONE, TELEPHONE LINES, TRADE CREDITS, TRADING, TRANSACTION, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRUST FUND, TURNOVER, URBAN EMPLOYMENT, USERS, VALUE ADDED, VALUE CHAIN, VALUE CHAINS, WAREHOUSE, WEALTH, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO,
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000334955_20100907031620 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2501
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