Are the Children of Uneducated Farmers Doubly Disadvantaged?

This paper relaxes the single-factor model of intergenerational educational mobility and analyzes heterogeneous effects of family background on children’s education in villages, with a focus on the role of nonfarm occupations. The analysis uses data from rural China that cover three generations, and are not subject to coresident sample selection. Evidence from a battery of econometric approaches shows that the mean effects of parents’ education miss substantial heterogeneity across farm-nonfarm occupations. Having nonfarm parents, in general, has positive effects, but children of low educated non-farmer parents (with higher income) do not enjoy any advantages over the children of more educated farmer parents. Estimates of cross-partial effects without imposing functional form show little evidence of complementarity between parental education and nonfarm occupation. The role of family background remains relatively stable across generations for girls, but for boys, family background has become more important after the market reform. The paper explores causality using three approaches: Rosenbaum sensitivity analysis, minimum biased inverse propensity weighted estimator, and heteroscedasticity-based identification. The analysis results suggest that the advantages of having more educated parents, especially with nonfarm occupations, are unlikely to be due solely to selection on genetic transmissions. However, the estimated positive effects of nonfarm over farmer parents among the low educated households may be driven entirely by moderate selection on genetic endowment.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Emran, M. Shahe, Sun, Yan
Format:	Working Paper biblioteca
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2015-10
Subjects:	BIRTH, LOW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, MOTHERS EDUCATION, EDUCATION FOR GIRLS, BASIC EDUCATION, GENDER INEQUALITY, OLD AGE, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN, GRANDFATHERS, SCHOOLING, GROUPS, EDUCATION POLICY, COMPULSORY EDUCATION, MOTHERS, HIGHER EDUCATION, MIDDLE SCHOOL EDUCATION, GENDER PARITY, RURAL CHILDREN, LOW SCHOOLING, FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, ROLES, GRANDPARENTS, GENDER BIAS, SPOUSES, POVERTY REDUCTION, EDUCATIONAL POLICY, KNOWLEDGE, MIDDLE SCHOOL, GENDER GAP, TRAINING, GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, INCOME INEQUALITY, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, ABILITY, PEASANTS, IDEAS, EDUCATED PARENTS, PARENTAL EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, NEEDS, ORGANIZATIONS, PARENTS EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL INPUTS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, LEARNING, MARRIAGE, PRIMARY SCHOOL, FAMILY COMPOSITION, EDUCATIONAL POLICIES, FAMILY BACKGROUND, ETHNICITY, PARENTS’ EDUCATION, GENDER NEUTRALITY, RURAL SCHOOLS, ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE, EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS, EQUAL ACCESS, SCIENCE, EDUCATION LAW, VALUES, SCHOOLS, FAMILY, PARTICIPATION, AGE, RURAL AREA, FATHERS, BASIC EDUCATION POLICY, DEMAND FOR GIRLS, GIRLS’ EDUCATION, STATURE, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, URBAN AREAS, MOTHERS’ EDUCATION, SCHOOL BREAKFAST, YOUTH, MENTAL ABILITY, FACTORS, PARENTAL INCOME, PARENTS, PARITY, SOCIOLOGY, CHILDREN, EDUCATION, INVESTMENT, CLASS SIZES, EQUALITY, RURAL AREAS, MEN, GIRLS, SOCIETY, SCHOOL EDUCATION, FEES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, FAMILIES, SIBLINGS, WOMEN, SCHOOL, GENERATIONS, HEALTH SERVICES, SOCIAL MOBILITY, GENDER EQUALITY, RETURNS TO EDUCATION,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/10/25206357/children-uneducated-farmers-doubly-disadvantaged-farm-nonfarm-intergenerational-educational-mobility-rural-china https://hdl.handle.net/10986/22882
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