Fertility Transition in Turkey

In Turkey, female employment and education are still relatively low, while fertility levels are high compared with other European countries. However, Turkey stands just at the edge of an important social transition. Increasing female education and employment come along with important decreases in fertility. By mobilizing census and survey data, this paper finds that fertility decreases are mainly caused by fewer transitions to a third birth. Graduate women participating in the formal labor market are most at risk of deciding against child arrival in comparison with inactive or unemployed women. The third rank is particularly concerned, as women’s income contribution seems to be crucial for many families that already have two children, and the arrival of a third child risks reducing or stopping women’s working activities in the absence of institutional childcare support. Policies enabling women to combine work and family life, which have been proven effective in other European countries, emerge as useful to avoid a further fertility decline below replacement level in Turkey.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Greulich, Angela, Dasre, Aurélien, Inan, Ceren
Format:	Working Paper biblioteca
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2015-06
Subjects:	FEMALE EDUCATION, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, SOCIAL NORMS, WORKFORCE, FERTILITY TRANSITION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, CONTRACEPTION, URBANIZATION, EDUCATION OF GIRLS, DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS, FAMILY SIZES, FEWER WOMEN, FIRST CHILD, POLICY FRAMEWORK, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES, LABOR FORCE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISCRIMINATION, REPLACEMENT LEVEL, GENDER EQUITY, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, CHILD BIRTH, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, FERTILITY TRENDS, SOCIAL SCIENCES, PARENTAL ROLES, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, POPULATION CENSUS, LABOR MARKET, MATERNITY LEAVE, FAMILY POLICIES, GENDER GAP, PREGNANCIES, GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, SMALL FAMILIES, INTEGRATION OF WOMEN, FERTILITY RATES, INTERNAL MIGRATIONS, FERTILITY DECLINES, IDEAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN, FERTILITY RATE, ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT, MIGRATION, CHILDBEARING AGE, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, CHILDBEARING AGES, STATE PLANNING, MARRIAGE, SOCIAL SECURITY, ECONOMIC CHANGE, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS, CHILD CARE, FERTILITY LEVELS, FAMILY RESOURCES, EDUCATED WOMEN, SECONDARY EDUCATION, PROGRESS, UNEMPLOYMENT, SAME SEX, FAMILY PREFERENCE, CHILDBIRTH, HUMAN CAPITAL, AGE OF MARRIAGE, EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, POLICIES, POPULATION STUDIES, GENDER DIFFERENCES, WOMAN, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLICY MAKERS, SOCIAL POLICY, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FAMILY FORMATION, LABOUR MARKET, FAMILY INCOME, SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, URBAN AREAS, FAMILY PLANNING, FEWER CHILDREN, EARLY CHILDHOOD, POPULATION RESEARCH, IMPACT ON FERTILITY, POPULATIONS, ILLITERATE WOMEN, MOTHER, YOUNG CHILDREN, ACCESS TO CONTRACEPTION, PROCREATION, BULLETIN, CHILDBEARING, CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, POLICY, SOCIAL STATUS, FERTILITY SURVEY, CHILDREN PER WOMAN, NUMBER OF WOMEN, SEX, MINORITY, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, PARENTAL LEAVE, RURAL AREAS, ACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNING, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, YOUNG WOMEN, ECONOMIC PROGRESS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, FIRST MARRIAGE, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, LOWER FERTILITY, POPULATION, LABOR SUPPLY, STUDENTS, LIVING CONDITIONS, TEENAGE PREGNANCIES, POLICY RESEARCH, MARRIED WOMEN, SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES, LOW FERTILITY, PRIMARY EDUCATION, FERTILITY, WOMEN, FERTILITY DECLINE, GENDER ROLES, TERTIARY EDUCATION, DECLINE IN FERTILITY, BOTH SEXES, EARLY CHILD CARE, GENDER EQUALITY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/06/24644332/fertility-transition-turkeywho-most-risk-deciding-against-child-arrival https://hdl.handle.net/10986/22181
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