Market Imperfections Exacerbate the Gender Gap

This paper hypothesizes that labor and credit market imperfections—by discouraging off-farm income-generating activities and restricting access to inputs, respectively—affect female farm productivity more deeply than male productivity. The paper develops a theoretical model that decomposes the contribution of various market imperfections to the gender productivity gap. The paper shows empirically that agricultural labor productivity is on average 44 percent lower on plots managed by female heads of household than on those managed by male heads. Thirty-four percent of this gap is explained by differences in labor market access and 29 percent by differences in credit access.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Palacios-Lopez, Amparo, López, Ramón
Format:	Working Paper biblioteca
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2015-06
Subjects:	LIVING STANDARDS, EMPLOYMENT, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, RIGHTS, GENDER SPECIFIC, PRODUCTIVITY EFFECTS, WAGE GAP, PRODUCTION, MALE COUNTERPART, INCOME, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, WAGE DISCRIMINATION, LABOR ALLOCATION, UNITED NATIONS, RURAL LABOR MARKETS, INFORMATION, SERVICES, DISCRIMINATION, ELASTICITY, POLITICAL ECONOMY, EFFECTS, LABOR ECONOMICS, RURAL LABOR, HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, PROJECT, MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY, FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, GENDER DISPARITY, BUDGET, EFFICIENCY WAGES, GENDER DIMENSIONS, PRESENT VALUE, HUMAN RESOURCE, LABOR MARKET, GENDER GAP, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, PRODUCTIVITY, TRANSFERS, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, MARKETS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ORGANIZATIONS, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GENDER SENSITIVITY, STANDARDS, LABOR, ADULT MALE, UTILITY, MALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, CHILD CARE, EFFICIENCY, FEMALE LABOR, DESIGN, RESOURCES, UNEMPLOYMENT, PREVAILING MARKET WAGE, FEMALE HEADS, LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, CONSUMPTION, CAPITAL, WAGES, POLICIES, GENDER DIFFERENCES, PRODUCTIVITY EFFECT, MARKET FAILURES, DESCRIPTION, PARTICIPATION, WAGE INEQUALITY, VALUE, GENDER, FAMILY LABOR, RURAL POVERTY, WORKING CAPITAL, HOUSEHOLD, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, COST, WAGE RATE, ROLE OF WOMEN, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, TRANSACTION COSTS, MARKET, ACCESS TO MARKETS, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY, PRODUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMICS, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSION, MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, WOMEN FARMERS, STATE, LAND, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, THEORY, SECURITY, FEMALES, INVESTMENT, RISK, HUMAN RESOURCES, HOUSEHOLDS, GENDER ANALYSIS, EQUALITY, PRODUCTIVITY GAP, ALLOCATION, IMMIGRATION, LABOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS, SUPPLY, PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSIONS, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, LABOR SUPPLY, PROFIT, BORROWING, WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE, INTERVENTIONS, MARRIED WOMEN, COMMUNITY, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, HOUSEHOLD WORK, WOMEN, LABOUR, LABOR MARKETS, OUTCOMES, FEMALE, SERVICE, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, PRICES, MARKET WAGE, GENDER EQUALITY, INEQUALITY,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/06/24611445/market-imperfections-exacerbate-gender-gap-case-malawi https://hdl.handle.net/10986/22175
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