The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization : Evidence from Brazil

This paper investigates gender differences in the impact of Brazil's trade liberalization on labor market outcomes. To identify the causal effect of trade reforms, the paper uses difference-in-difference estimation exploiting variation across microregions in pre-liberalization industry composition. The analysis finds that trade liberalization reduced male and female labor force participation and employment rates, but the effects on men were significantly larger. Thereby, tariff reductions contributed to gender convergence in labor force participation and employment rates. Gender differences are concentrated among the low-skilled population and in the tradable sector, where male and female workers are most likely to be imperfect substitutes.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Pieters, Janneke, Gaddis, Isis
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank Group, Washington, DC 2014-11
Subjects:	AGGREGATE ANALYSES, AGREEMENT ON TRADE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, APPAREL, AVERAGE TARIFF, CAPITAL ACCOUNT, CAPITAL FLOWS, CAPITAL INFLOWS, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, CHANGES IN TRADE, CHILD LABOR, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF TRADE, COUNTRY-SPECIFIC FACTORS, CURRENCY, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS UNION, DEBT CRISES, DECLINING UNEMPLOYMENT, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DISCRIMINATION, DISPLACED WORKERS, DISPLACEMENT, DIVISION OF LABOR, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS, EMPLOYMENT RATE, EMPLOYMENT RATES, EMPLOYMENT SHARE, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, EMPLOYMENT TRENDS, EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES, EXPORT ORIENTATION, EXPORT PROMOTION, EXPORT SECTORS, EXPORTS, EXTERNAL TARIFF, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, FEMALE WORKERS, FIRM PRODUCTIVITY, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN PRODUCTS, GENDER, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER GAP, GENDER GAPS, GENDER IMPLICATIONS, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GENDER INEQUALITY, GENDER SEGREGATION, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, GIRLS, GLOBALIZATION, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN RESOURCES, IMPACT OF TRADE, IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION, IMPACT OF TRADE REFORMS, IMPORT PENETRATION, IMPORT TARIFF, IMPORT TARIFFS, INCOME, INCOME INEQUALITY, INNOVATION, INTERMEDIATE GOODS, INTERMEDIATE INPUTS, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, JOB LOSSES, JOBS, LABOR ECONOMICS, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET IMPACT, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MOVEMENTS, LABOR ORGANIZATION, LABOR REALLOCATION, LABOR RELATIONS, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR, LABOUR OFFICE, LOCAL LABOR MARKET, LOCAL LABOR MARKETS, MALE WORKERS, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, MARKET ACCESS, MEASURE OF TRADE, METAL PRODUCTS, MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, NON-TARIFF BARRIERS, NONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERS, OCCUPATIONS, PERMANENT JOBS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PRESENT ANALYSIS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCT MARKETS, PRODUCTION PROCESS, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PROTECTION MEASURES, PROTECTIONIST, RATES OF PROTECTION, REDUCTION IN TARIFFS, REGIONAL TRADE, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR, SKILL GROUP, SKILLED WOMEN, SKILLED WORKERS, SPECIALIZATION, TARIFF BARRIERS, TARIFF CHANGES, TARIFF DATA, TARIFF DISPERSION, TARIFF LEVELS, TARIFF RATE, TARIFF RATES, TARIFF REDUCTION, TARIFF REDUCTIONS, TARIFF REFORM, TARIFF STRUCTURE, TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TRADE ADJUSTMENT, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE BLOC, TRADE FLOWS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE LIBERALIZATION PERIOD, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, TRADE OPENNESS, TRADE POLICY, TRADE POLICY REVIEW, TRADE PROTECTION, TRADE REFORM, TRADE REFORMS, TRADE RESTRICTIONS, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNSKILLED WORKERS, WAGE BILL, WAGE GAP, WAGE INEQUALITY, WAGES, WORKER, WORKERS,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/11/20365307/gendered-labor-market-impacts-trade-liberalization-evidence-brazil https://hdl.handle.net/10986/20621
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