Labor Market Policies under a Youth Bulge : How to Benefit from Demographic Dividend in Pakistan

This paper assesses labor market trends and outcomes in Pakistan over the past decade. It shows that despite a high rate of employment growth, labor market outcomes have been disappointing: most jobs have been created in low productivity sectors/activities, and even if they provide a minimum level of income to often avoid poverty, they remain low quality jobs providing little or no protection to workers against shocks. In addition, female participation rates for women are very low and there are large income disparities between rural and urban areas, and across sectors. A fundamental part of the problem is the low level of education of the labor force. Pakistan is currently in the midst of a demographic transition that is bringing a growing number of youth into the labor market. This youth bulge that is unwinding opens both challenges and opportunities. Challenges because of the need to create enough jobs to employ new entrants; Opportunities, because if this is done the country will enjoy a demographic dividend , as the share of those employed relative to the dependent increases, driving up income per capita and standards of living.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Cho, Yoonyoung, Robalino, David
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012-12
Subjects:	ACCOUNTING, ACTIVE LABOR, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS, ADULT WORKERS, BARGAINING, BARGAINING POWER, BASIC LITERACY, BASIC RIGHTS, CASUAL WORKERS, CHILD CARE, CHILD LABOR, CORE LABOR STANDARDS, CURRENT LABOR FORCE, DECLINES IN FERTILITY, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DEPENDENCY RATIO, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISADVANTAGED WORKERS, DISMISSAL, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EMPLOYABILITY, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT CREATION, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATES, EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE, EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME, EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM, EMPLOYMENT SHARE, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES, EXISTING WORKFORCE, EXTERNALITIES, FAMILY PLANNING, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FERTILITY RATE, FORCED LABOR, FORMAL EDUCATION, FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, HEALTH SERVICES, HIGH EMPLOYMENT, HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HUMAN CAPITAL, ILLITERACY, ILLNESS, INCOME, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, INFORMAL ECONOMY, INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT, INFORMAL SECTOR, INNOVATIONS, INSURANCE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, JOB CREATION, JOB LOSS, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, JOB PLACEMENT, JOB PLACEMENT SERVICES, JOB SEARCH, JOB SECURITY, JOB TENURE, JOB TRAINING, JOB-SEARCH ASSISTANCE, JOBS, LABOR CONTRACT, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE GROWTH, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR LAW, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS, LABOR MARKET INDICATORS, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET POLICIES, LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR POLICY, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, LABOR REGULATION, LABOR REGULATIONS, LABOR SUPPLY, LESS EDUCATED PEERS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LITERACY RATES, MANPOWER, MARKET FAILURES, MATERNITY LEAVE, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MINIMUM WAGE, MINIMUM WAGES, MORTALITY, MOTIVATION, NATURAL DISASTERS, NUMBER OF BIRTHS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, OCCUPATION, OCCUPATIONS, ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE, PAID WORKERS, PART TIME EMPLOYMENT, PAYING JOBS, PENSIONS, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POPULATION GROWTH, POST-PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT, PREVIOUS RESULTS, PREVIOUS SECTION, PREVIOUS STUDIES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PRIVATE COMPANIES, PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP, PRIVATE PROVIDERS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT, PRIVATE TRAINING, PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES, PROGRESS, PROTECTING WORKERS, PUBLIC WORKS, PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM, PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, REGULAR WORKERS, REMITTANCES, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESPECT, RETIREMENT, RIGID LABOR MARKET, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, RURAL WORKERS, RURAL YOUTH, SAFETY, SAFETY NETS, SALARIED WORKERS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SELF EMPLOYED, SELF EMPLOYMENT, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SERVICE SECTOR, SEVERANCE PAY, SEVERANCE PAYMENT, SKILLED WORKERS, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL UNREST, SURVIVAL RATES, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, TECHNICAL SKILLS, TEMPORARY JOB, TEMPORARY SAFETY NET, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TRAINING AGENCIES, TRAINING CENTERS, TRAINING CONTENTS, TRAINING INSTITUTION, TRAINING INSTITUTIONS, TRAINING PERIOD, TRAINING PROGRAM, TRAINING PROGRAMS, TRAINING PROVIDERS, TRAINING SERVICES, TRAINING SYSTEM, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYED WORKERS, UNEMPLOYED YOUTH, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNSKILLED WORKERS, URBAN AREAS, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WAGE DISTRIBUTION, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WAGE LEVEL, WAGE POLICIES, WAGE RATES, WOMAN, WORK FORCE, WORKER, WORKER PRODUCTIVITY, WORKERS, WORKING CONDITIONS, WORKING HOURS, YOUNG WORKERS, YOUNGER WORKERS, YOUTH EMPLOYMENT, YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT, YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/12/19309514/labor-market-policies-under-youth-bulge https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17874
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