Republic of Madagascar : Primary Education in Time of Crisis

The Malagasy population has undergone a severe political and economic crisis since 2009, whose impact on children's enrollment is little documented. The stagnation of primary school enrollment in a context of sustained demographic growth points to a rapid deterioration in the access to basic education services. The objective of this study is thus to evaluate the effects of the current crisis on household education choices, to orient education policy decisions over the short and medium term. The study combines recent available qualitative and quantitative data, to propose a set of assumptions on the effects of the crisis and its impact channels on education. Short of being able to carry out a full impact analysis of the crisis, due to its national coverage, the following data and sources are analyzed in detail to better document its effects: 1) monetary and budget data; 2) education statistics from the Ministry of Education (MEN); 3) the last two household surveys (EPM), of 2005 and 2010; 4) a follow-up survey of the pupils, households and schools of the districts of Amboasary and Betioky in the south of Madagascar, carried out in 2012 on the basis of an original pre-crisis survey, of 2009; and 5) workshops with the main sector players. The conceptual framework approaches the determinants of household education choices and behavior from the perspective of education supply and demand. The crossed impact of supply and demand-side factors enables the identification of four channels of impact of the crisis on household education choices: direct and indirect education costs, household income and access to loans, the perceived return on investment in education and the opportunity costs of schooling. Finally, the effects of a certain number of pupil and household characteristics on school access are determined through econometric analyses that enable the evaluation of the relevance of each channel.

Bibliographic Details

Main Author:	World Bank
Language:	English en_US
Published:	Washington, DC 2013-09
Subjects:	ABSENTEEISM, ACCESS TO CREDIT, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT, ACCESS TO LOANS, ADULTS, AVAILABILITY OF TEXTBOOKS, BANKRUPTCY, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC EDUCATION SERVICES, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CLASSROOM, CLASSROOM BUILDING, CLASSROOM CONSTRUCTION, CLASSROOMS, COMMUNITY TEACHERS, CORRUPTION, CREDIT MARKET, CREDIT MARKETS, CURRICULA, CURRICULUM, DEMAND FOR EDUCATION, DISADVANTAGED PUPILS, DISPOSABLE INCOME, DONOR SUPPORT, DROPOUT RATE, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC CRISES, ECONOMIC CRISIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATED WORKERS, EDUCATION ACCESS, EDUCATION DECISIONS, EDUCATION EXPENDITURE, EDUCATION INDICATORS, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATION OUTCOMES, EDUCATION POLICY, EDUCATION QUALITY, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATION SPENDING, EDUCATION STATISTICS, EDUCATION SYSTEM, ENROLLMENT LEVELS, ENROLLMENT RATE, ENROLLMENT RATE OF CHILDREN, ENROLLMENTS, ENROLMENT TRENDS, EXAM, EXCLUSION, EXCLUSION FROM SCHOOL, EXTERNAL SHOCK, FAMILIES, FAMILY BUDGET, GENDER, GER, GIRLS, GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE, GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES, HEADMASTERS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD INVESTMENTS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INDEXES, INFORMATION GAP, INSTRUCTION, INSTRUCTIONAL TIME, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, JUNIOR SECONDARY, JUNIOR SECONDARY CYCLE, LABOR MARKET, LEARNING, LEARNING MATERIALS, LEARNING OUTCOMES, LEARNING OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LIMITED ACCESS, LIMITED ACCESS TO LOANS, LIVING CONDITIONS, LOAN, LOAN ACCESS, LOAN ELIGIBILITY, NATIONAL EDUCATION, NATIONAL EDUCATION MINISTRY, NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS, NUMBER OF PUPILS, NUTRITION, NUTRITION STATUS, NUTRITIONAL DEFICITS, OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN, PARENT-TEACHER ASSOCIATION, PAYMENT OF TEACHERS, PRIMARY CYCLE, PRIMARY DROPOUT RATES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY ENROLLMENT, PRIMARY ENROLLMENT RATES, PRIMARY GRADE, PRIMARY GROSS ENROLLMENT, PRIMARY LEVEL, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE, PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, PRIMARY SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PRIMARY TEACHERS, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC PRIMARY EDUCATION, PUBLIC SCHOOL, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PUPIL SPENDING, PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO, PUPIL-TEACHER RATIOS, PUPILS PER TEACHER, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, RECESSION, REGIONAL EDUCATION, REPEATERS, REPETITION, REPETITION RATE, REPETITION RATES, RETURN ON INVESTMENT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL GIRLS, SAVINGS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL CANTEENS, SCHOOL DIRECTORS, SCHOOL DROPOUT, SCHOOL EQUIPMENT, SCHOOL FEEDING, SCHOOL FEES, SCHOOL MEALS, SCHOOL STATISTICS, SCHOOL SUPPLIES, SCHOOL YEAR, SCHOOL YEARS, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLS, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SPORTS, TEACHER CHARACTERISTICS, TEACHER RECRUITMENT, TEACHER SALARIES, TEACHER STRIKES, TEACHER TRAINERS, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHERS SALARIES, TEACHING, TEXTBOOK, TEXTBOOK AVAILABILITY, TRAINING OF TEACHERS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNION, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION, URBAN AREAS, VILLAGE, WAGE DIFFERENTIAL,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/12/18715184/madagascar-primary-education-time-crisis https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17001
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