On Thin Ice : How Cutting Pollution Can Slow Warming and Save Lives

Climate change is happening faster and in a dramatically more visible way in the Earth's cryosphere than anywhere else on earth. Cryosphere is defined as elements of the Earth system containing water in its frozen state. The average temperature has risen here at over twice the global mean in the Arctic, Antarctic Peninsula, and much of the Himalayas and other mountain regions. This report summarizes the changes already being observed in the following five major cryosphere regions: the Andes, Antarctica, Arctic, East African Highlands, and the Himalayas. It then provides a science-based assessment of the impact of addressing methane and black carbon to reduce the risk to the global environment and human societies, especially for the most vulnerable populations. Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive assessment of the changes occurring in these five regions, based on the most recent literature, including the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013). Chapter 3 describes the pollution and climate nexus and the evolving knowledge of how methane and black carbon impact climate specifically in cryosphere regions. Chapter 4 presents the background and methods used for new modeling work conducted as part of this study, building extensively the United Nations Environment Programme/World Meteorological Organization Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Ozone (2010). Chapter 5 presents the results of the new modeling in these five major cryosphere regions as well as globally for health, crop impacts, and climate. Finally, Chapter 6 discusses the implications and new directions for the cryosphere regions emerging from these modeling results.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	World Bank, International Cryosphere Climate Initiative
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2013-10
Subjects:	ACIDIFICATION, AERATION, AEROSOL ABSORPTION, AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH, AEROSOLS, AIR, AIR POLLUTANTS, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, AIR TEMPERATURES, ALBEDO, ALTITUDE, ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, ANTARCTICA, ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE, ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS, ARCTIC CLIMATE, ARCTIC CLIMATE CHANGE, ARCTIC CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT, ARCTIC GLACIERS, ARCTIC OCEAN, ARCTIC TEMPERATURES, ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, ATMOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERIC BROWN CLOUD, ATMOSPHERIC CARBON, ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY, ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION, BARRIERS, BASIN, BENEFITS, BIOGAS, BIOMASS, BIOMASS BURNING, BIOSPHERE, BLACK CARBON, BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS, BOILERS, CALCIUM, CALCULATION, CALIBRATION, CAPACITY, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE GAS, CARBON FLUX, CARBON FLUXES, CARBON REDUCTIONS, CARBON SOURCES, CARBON STORES, CELLULOSE, CH4, CHANGES IN THE EARTH, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, CL, CLEAN AIR, CLEANER AIR, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, CLIMATE CONDITIONS, CLIMATE FACTORS, CLIMATE FEEDBACKS, CLIMATE FORCING, CLIMATE IMPACT, CLIMATE IMPACT MODELS, CLIMATE IMPACTS, CLIMATE INITIATIVE, CLIMATE MODEL, CLIMATE MODELS, CLIMATE NEXUS, CLIMATE POLICY, CLIMATE PREDICTIONS, CLIMATE SCIENTISTS, CLIMATE SYSTEM, CLIMATE SYSTEMS, CLOUD COVER, CLOUD FORMATION, CLOUDS, CO, CO2, COAL, COLORS, COMPOSTING, CRYOSPHERE, DIESEL, DIESEL OIL, DIMETHYL SULFIDE, DROUGHTS, EL NINO, ELECTRICITY, EMISSION, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIAL, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSION STANDARDS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS ESTIMATES, EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES, EMISSIONS OF METHANE, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, ENERGY, ENERGY BALANCE, ET, ETHANOL, EXTREME EVENTS, FLOODING, FLOODS, FOREST, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST FIRES, FORESTRY, FORESTS, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUEL USE, FOSSIL FUELS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, GAS, GAS FLARING, GAS PRODUCTION, GCM, GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL, GLACIAL LAKE, GLACIAL LAKE OUTBURST, GLACIAL LAKES, GLACIAL MELT, GLACIER MELT, GLACIER RETREAT, GLACIER RUNOFF, GLACIERS, GLOBAL CHANGES IN CLIMATE, GLOBAL CLIMATE, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM, GLOBAL TEMPERATURE, GLOBAL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCES, GREENHOUSE GASES, HEATING, HUMIDITY, HURRICANES, HYDROFLUOROCARBONS, ICE, ICE AGE, ICE CAPS, ICE CORE, ICE CORE DATA, ICE COVER, ICE DISCHARGE, ICE EXTENT, ICE FIELDS, ICE MASS, ICE MELT, ICE SHEET, ICE SHEETS, ICE SHELF, ICE SHELVES, ICE VOLUME, ICE-SHELF, ICEBERGS, IMPACT OF CLIMATE, IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE, INTERGLACIAL PERIOD, INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, IPCC, IRRIGATION, LAKES, LAND, LANDFILLS, LEAD, LESS, LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS, LOW-CARBON, METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION, METEOROLOGY, METHANE, METHANE EMISSIONS, METHANE GAS, MOUNTAIN GLACIERS, NO, O3, OCEAN CURRENTS, OCEANIC CIRCULATION, OCEANS, OFFSHORE WINDS, OPEN BURNING, OPTICAL DEPTH, OZONE, OZONE PRECURSORS, PARTICLES, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE MATTER, PERMAFROST, PIPELINES, PRECIPITATION, PROGRAMS, RADIATIVE FORCING, RAIN, RAINFALL, RAINFALL PATTERNS, RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE, REFLECTIVITY, REGIONAL CLIMATE, REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE, RICE PADDIES, SCIENCE, SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE, SCIENTISTS, SEA, SEA ICE, SEA LEVEL RISE, SEA-LEVEL, SEA-LEVEL RISE, SEASON, SEASONS, SHORTWAVE RADIATION, SILVER, SMOKE, SNOW, SNOW COVER, SOLAR RADIATION, SPRING, STORM TRACKS, SULFATE, SURFACE AIR, SURFACE ALBEDO, SURFACE MELTING, SURFACE OZONE, SURFACE TEMPERATURE, SURFACE WARMING, SURFACE WATERS, TEMPERATURE, TEMPERATURE INCREASE, TEMPERATURE RISE, TEMPERATURE RISES, TRACERS, TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION, TROPOPAUSE, TROPOSPHERE, TROPOSPHERIC OZONE, TYPHOONS, UNEP, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, WIND, WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY, WMO,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/10/18496924/thin-ice-cutting-pollution-can-slow-warming-save-lives-vol-1-2-main-report https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16628
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