Reducing the Vulnerability of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's Agricultural Systems to Climate Change : Impact Assessment and Adaptation Options

Agricultural production is inextricably tied to climate, making agriculture one of the most climate-sensitive of all economic sectors. In countries such as the Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia, the risks of climate change for the agricultural sector are a particularly immediate and important problem because the majority of the rural population depends either directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihoods. Climate impacts can therefore undermine progress that has been made in poverty reduction and adversely impact food security and economic growth in vulnerable rural areas. In order to be effective, a plan for adapting the sector to climate change must strengthen both human capital and physical capital in their capacity. The need to adapt to climate change in all sectors is now on the agenda of national governments and development partners. As a result, development partners will continue to have an important role in enhancing the adaptive capacity of the Macedonian agricultural sector. Another key factor for FYR Macedonia's development of an adaptation plan for agriculture is furthering FYR Macedonia's work toward European Union (EU) accession, for which FYR Macedonia has been a candidate since 2005. The Macedonian government has already begun to focus on required EU reforms, including work on the agriculture strengthening and accession project with the World Bank. Along with these needed reforms, the EU encourages action toward climate change preparedness and adaptation. This report provides a menu of climate change adaptation options for the agriculture and water resources sectors, along with specific recommendations for adaptation actions that are tailored to distinct agro-ecological zones (AEZs) within FYR Macedonia. This report is structured as follows: chapter one gives current conditions for Macedonian agriculture and climate; chapter two presents design and methodology; chapter three deals with impacts of climate change on agriculture in FYR Macedonia; chapter four deals with identification of adaptation options for managing risk to FYR Macedonia's agricultural systems; chapter five presents cost-benefit analysis; and chapter six gives options to improve climate resilience of FYR Macedonia's agricultural sector.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Sutton, William R., Srivastava, Jitendra P., Neumann, James E., Strzępek, Kenneth M., Boehlert, Brent B.
Language:	en_US
Published:	Washington, DC: World Bank 2013-10-03
Subjects:	acid, acid rain, agricultural area, agricultural crop, agricultural economy, agricultural education, agricultural experts, agricultural extension, agricultural extension service, agricultural land, Agricultural markets, agricultural policies, Agricultural Policy, agricultural practices, Agricultural Production, agricultural productivity, Agricultural Products, agricultural research, agricultural research centers, Agricultural research institutes, Agricultural Systems, Agriculture, Agriculture Organization, agronomic practices, agronomists, altitude, animals, annual precipitation, assessment of climate risks, Average yield, average yields, Capacity Building, carbon, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide concentrations, Cattle, cereal crops, cereals, Climate, climate adaptation, Climate Change, climate change adaptation, Climate Change Analysis, Climate Change IMPACT, Climate Change IMPACT ASSESSMENT, Climate Change Impacts, climate change scenarios, climate changes, climate conditions, climate data, climate hazard, Climate Hazards, Climate Impact, Climate Impacts, Climate Resilience, Climate Scenario, Climate Scenarios, climate variability, Climatic changes, CO2, colors, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Cost Analysis, Crop, crop areas, Crop damage, crop growth, crop losses, crop management, crop production, crop residues, crop rotations, Crop Varieties, Crop Yield, Crop Yields, Crops, cultivated land, deforestation, diseases, drip irrigation, drought, Ecological Zones, economics of adaptation to climate change, Effect of Climate Change, effect of temperature, erosion control, European Commission, evaporation, evapotranspiration, Extension Agency, extension agents, extreme events, extreme heat, extreme heat events, extreme weather, extreme weather events, FAO, Farmers, farming, farmland, farms, Fertilization, floods, food security, Ford Foundation, forest, forest ecosystems, Forestry, forests, Framework Convention on Climate Change, frost, fruits, future climate change, GCM, general circulation model, GIS, Goats, Grain, green houses, Green Revolution, Greenhouse, Greenhouse Gas, greenhouse gas emission, greenhouse gas emission reductions, greenhouse gas emissions, Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, greenhouse gases, Hail, High temperature, high yields, high-yield crop varieties, ICARDA, IFPRI, IMPACT ASSESSMENT, Impact of Climate, Impact of Climate Change, Impacts of Climate Change, implications of climate change, increase in temperature, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, International Food Policy Research Institute, IPCC, Irrigation, irrigation systems, land degradation, Livestock, lower rainfall, Maize, maize yields, meteorological data, meteorological information, Moisture Index, negative impact, overgrazing, pesticides, pests, plant breeding, plant growth, pollution, polyethylene, poverty rates, poverty reduction, Precipitation, quantitative analysis, rain, rainfall, resilience to climate change, resistant varieties, risks of climate change, River Basins, Rockefeller Foundation, roots, Rural Development, Rural Development Strategies, rural economies, rural population, Scientist, season, seed varieties, seeds, Sheep, soil conservation, soil degradation, soil erosion, soil moisture, soil type, soils, summer temperature, sunshine, Sustainable Development, Temperature, temperature change, temperature changes, temperature increase, temperature increases, temperature stress, temperatures, trees, UNDP, United Nations, United Nations Development Programme, vegetable production, vegetables, Vulnerability to Climate Change, water quality, water resources, Water Use Efficiency, Wheat, Wheat yields, wind, winter wheat, world food supply, yield losses,
Online Access:	https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16201
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