Gender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps
Women make essential contributions to
agriculture in developing countries, where they constitute
approximately 43 percent of the agricultural labor force.
However, female farmers typically have lower output per unit
of land and are much less likely to be active in commercial
farming than their male counterparts. These gender
differences in land productivity and participation between
male and female farmers are due to gender differences in
access to inputs, resources, and services. In this paper,
the authors review the evidence on productivity differences
and access to resources. They discuss some of the reasons
for these differences, such as differences in property
rights, education, control over resources (e.g., land),
access to inputs and services (e.g., fertilizer, extension,
and credit), and social norms. Although women are less
active in commercial farming and are largely excluded from
contract farming, they often provide the bulk of wage labor
in the nontraditional export sector. In general, gender gaps
do not appear to fall systematically with growth, and they
appear to rise with GDP per capita and with greater access
to resources and inputs. Active policies that support
women's access and participation, not just greater
overall access, are essential if these gaps are to be
closed. The gains in terms of greater productivity of land
and overall production are likely to be large.
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Bibliographic Details
| Main Authors: |
Croppenstedt, Andre,
Goldstein, Markus,
Rosas, Nina |
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| Language: | English
en_US |
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| Published: |
World Bank, Washington, DC
2013-02
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| Subjects: | ACCESS TO LAND,
ACCESS TO RESOURCES,
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT,
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS,
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION,
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION CENTERS,
AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION,
AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION,
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION,
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH,
AGRICULTURE,
COMMON PROPERTY,
CROPS,
CULTURAL CHANGE,
DIET,
DISCRIMINATION,
ECONOMICS,
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT,
EMPOWERMENT,
EQUAL ACCESS,
EQUIPMENT,
EXTENSION,
EXTENSION SERVICES,
FARMERS,
FARMS,
FEMALE,
FEMALE FARMERS,
FEMALE LABOR,
FEMINIST,
FEMINIST ECONOMICS,
FERTILIZERS,
GENDER,
GENDER ANALYSIS,
GENDER DIFFERENCES,
GENDER DIFFERENTIALS,
GENDER DIMENSION,
GENDER GAP,
GENDER GAPS,
GENDER IMBALANCES,
GENDER INEQUALITY,
GENDER ROLES,
GENDER SENSITIVITY,
GENDERS,
GIRLS,
HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD,
HOUSEHOLD INCOME,
HOUSEHOLDS,
HUNGER,
HUSBAND,
HUSBANDS,
INCOMES,
INHERITANCE,
INTEGRATION,
LABOR FORCE,
LABOR MARKET,
LAND DEVELOPMENT,
LAND OWNERSHIP,
LAND REFORM,
LAWS,
LIFE SCIENCES,
LITERACY,
LIVESTOCK,
MALES,
MARITAL STATUS,
MARKETING,
MARRIED MEN,
MARRIED WOMEN,
NEW TECHNOLOGIES,
NORMS,
NUTRITION,
OLDER WOMEN,
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN,
OWNERSHIP OF LAND,
POWER,
PRODUCTIVITY,
PROPERTY RIGHTS,
RURAL AREAS,
SCIENTISTS,
SINGLE MEN,
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT,
SOCIAL NETWORKS,
SOCIETY,
UNITED NATIONS,
UNMARRIED WOMEN,
WAGE GAP,
WIDOWS,
WIFE,
WILL,
WILLS,
WIVES,
WOMAN,
WOMEN FARMERS,
WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE,
WOMEN IN SCIENCE,
WOMEN SCIENTISTS,
WOMEN WORKERS,
AFRICA GENDER POLICY,
GENDER INNOVATION LAB,
WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE, |
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/02/17371511/gender-agriculture-inefficiencies-segregation-low-productivity-traps
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13171
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