Revisiting One-Carbon Metabolites in Human Breast Milk: Focus on S-Adenosylmethionine
Breastfeeding is the gold standard for early nutrition. Metabolites from the one-carbon metabolism pool are crucial for infant development. The aim of this study is to compare the breast-milk one-carbon metabolic profile to other biofluids where these metabolites are present, including cord and adult blood plasma as well as cerebrospinal fluid. Breast milk (n = 142), cord blood plasma (n = 23), maternal plasma (n = 28), aging adult plasma (n = 91), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 92), and infant milk formula (n = 11) samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS to quantify choline, betaine, methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, total homocysteine, and cystathionine. Differences between groups were visualized by principal component analysis and analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. Correlation analysis was performed between one-carbon metabolites in human breast milk. Principal component analysis based on these metabolites separated breast milk samples from other biofluids. The S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentration was significantly higher in breast milk compared to the other biofluids and was absent in infant milk formulas. Despite many significant correlations between metabolites in one-carbon metabolism, there were no significant correlations between SAM and methionine or total homocysteine. Together, our data indicate a high concentration of SAM in breast milk, which may suggest a strong demand for this metabolite during infant early growth while its absence in infant milk formulas may indicate the inadequacy of this vital metabolic nutrient.
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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Other Authors: | |
Format: | artículo biblioteca |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2023-01-05
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Subjects: | S-adenosylmethionine, Breast milk, Breastfeeding, Milk formula, One-carbon metabolism, |
Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/295728 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008666 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85146741503 |
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Internet
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/295728http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008666
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85146741503