Molecular Markers
Humans have identified and classified biological entities (virusoids, viroids, prokaryotes and eukaryotes) using morphological characteristics. The scientific and technological developments have also allowed to use molecules (molecular markers). The identification and classification of biological entities is important, since it allows its study, control and exploitation. Initially, the peptides were used for such characterization (mainly as isoenzymatic polymorphisms). Currently, the DNA is the molecule of choice. It was first analyzed by RFLP, but the development of the PCR allowed to use such powerful methodology to design faster fingerprinting approaches like RAPD, microsatellites (SSR or STR), AFLP and SNP). The RNA can also be used as a molecular marker. Other powerful technologies for fingerprinting are arrays and microarrays of DNA, RNA or peptides. It is also possible to sequence the genome and transcriptome, which brings these tools to unprecedented levels. Indeed, the DNA, RNA and peptide sequencing are becoming the ultimate molecular markers, with special emphasis on the DNA. As with the genome and transcriptome sequencing, there are many relevant applications of the molecular markers. In fact, the genome may be exploited as a magnificent tool to generate molecular markers, which can be then tested, evaluated and applied in biotechnological developments, including the biomedical sciences.
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | capítulo de libro biblioteca |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2017
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| Subjects: | Amplified fragment length polymorphism, Deoxyribonucleic acid, Genetic fingerprinting, Genomics, Northern blot, Polymerase chain reaction, Proteomics, Random amplified polymorphic DNA, Restriction fragment length polymorphism, Ribonucleic acid, Short tandem repeats, Simple sequence repeats, Single nucleotide polymorphism, Southern blot, Transcriptomics, |
| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/188095 |
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