Surveillance of veterinary drug residues in pork meat in Madagascar
Antibiotics are used in animal feeds as growth promoters or for disease prevention and treatment. Drugs and their metabolites accumulate into body cells and constitute the so-called drug residues. Residual antimicrobials in food are an increasing risk for human health. Antibiotic residues in meat and other foods are suspected to be responsible for drug allergies and emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. In Madagascar, bacterial resistance against several antibiotics has been regularly observed in pathogens isolated from humans and pigs. Suspicion of drug misuse in farms has been frequently recorded by animal health professionals but no guidelines are available on the good usage of antibiotics in livestock. Since scarce information is available on antimicrobial residues in ani¬mal products in Madagascar, this study aimed at determining the prevalence of pork meat contaminated by such residues and sold in Antananarivo markets. A total of 967 meat samples (diaphragm muscle) were collected during 2010 and 2011 in the four main abattoirs of Antananarivo, and in three additional regional abattoirs, i.e. Antsirabe, Mahitsy (Central Madagascar) and Tsiroamandidy (Western Madagascar). Analysis for antimicrobial detection in meat was performed with the commercial Premi®-test kit (DSM, Urmond, Netherlands) at the National Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in Antananarivo. Premi®-test is a broad spectrum microbial screening test for the detection of antibiotic and sulfonamide residues in meat or meat products at, or below maximum residue limit (MRL) levels. MRL is the maximum concentration of residues following administration of a veterinary medicine which is legally permit¬ted or acceptable in food under European Union legislation. The Premi®-test kit contains a standardized number of spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus, very sensitive to many antibiotics and sulfa compounds, in agar medium with selected nutrients together with an indicator. Premi®-test is based on the inhibi¬tion of the growth of B. stearothermophilus. When meat juice is added to the Premi®-test ampoule and heated at 64°C, spores germinate. The germinated spores multiply and form an acid when no inhibitory substances are present, leading to an indica¬tor color change from purple to yellow. When antimicrobial mol¬ecules are present above the detection level, no growth occurs and the color remains purple. Table I presents the results of the percentage of positive samples in the various regions of Madagascar. On average 37.2% sam¬ples were contaminated by antimicrobial residues. A significant increase from 32 to 39% was observed between 2010 and 2011, respectively. No significant differences were found between samples according to sex, breed or age class in individual ani¬mals. No differences between pig farm origins were found either (Figure 1). However, Amoron'i Mania Region, and particularly suburban Ambositra, was the most contaminated area in 2010 (67%; n = 9) and Melaky region (Western Madagascar) in 2011. Pork meat samples originating from the same production area were less contaminated by drug residues when the animals were slaughtered in urban abattoirs compared to provincial abat¬toirs. In this first step toward a national surveillance system, we confirm that drug residues in animal products are a serious public health concern for Madagascar.