Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of yersinia pestis in Madagascar
Background: Plague was introduced to Madagascar in 1898 and continues to be a significant human health problem. It exists mainly in the central highlands, but in the 1990s was reintroduced to the port city of Mahajanga, where it caused extensive human outbreaks. Despite its prevalence, the phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of Y. pestis in Madagascar has been difficult to study due to the great genetic similarity among isolates. We examine island-wide geographic-genetic patterns based upon whole-genome discovery of SNPs, SNP genotyping and hypervariable variablenumber tandem repeat (VNTR) loci to gain insight into the maintenance and spread of Y. pestis in Madagascar. Methodology/Principal Findings: We analyzed a set of 262 Malagasy isolates using a set of 56 SNPs and a 43-locus multilocus VNTR analysis (MLVA) system. We then analyzed the geographic distribution of the subclades and identified patterns related to the maintenance and spread of plague in Madagascar. We find relatively high levels of VNTR diversity in addition to several SNP differences. We identify two major groups, Groups I and II, which are subsequently divided into 11 and 4 subclades, respectively. Y. pestis appears to be maintained in several geographically separate subpopulations. There is also evidence for multiple long distance transfers of Y. pestis, likely human mediated. Such transfers have resulted in the reintroduction and establishment of plague in the port city of Mahajanga, where there is evidence for multiple transfers both from and to the central highlands. Conclusions/Significance: The maintenance and spread of Y. pestis in Madagascar is a dynamic and highly active process that relies on the natural cycle between the primary host, the black rat, and its flea vectors as well as human activity.
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L73 - Maladies des animaux S50 - Santé humaine Yersinia pestis épidémiologie distribution géographique dynamique des populations phylogénie génotype séquence nucléotidique génétique moléculaire transmission des maladies genre humain rat Xenopsylla cheopis Pulicidae santé publique http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_26752 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2615 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5083 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6111 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_13325 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3225 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27583 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27577 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2329 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4586 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6464 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30409 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30401 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6349 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4510 L73 - Maladies des animaux S50 - Santé humaine Yersinia pestis épidémiologie distribution géographique dynamique des populations phylogénie génotype séquence nucléotidique génétique moléculaire transmission des maladies genre humain rat Xenopsylla cheopis Pulicidae santé publique http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_26752 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2615 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5083 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6111 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_13325 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3225 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27583 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27577 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2329 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4586 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6464 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30409 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30401 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6349 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4510 |
spellingShingle |
L73 - Maladies des animaux S50 - Santé humaine Yersinia pestis épidémiologie distribution géographique dynamique des populations phylogénie génotype séquence nucléotidique génétique moléculaire transmission des maladies genre humain rat Xenopsylla cheopis Pulicidae santé publique http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_26752 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2615 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5083 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6111 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_13325 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3225 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27583 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27577 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2329 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4586 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6464 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30409 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30401 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6349 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4510 L73 - Maladies des animaux S50 - Santé humaine Yersinia pestis épidémiologie distribution géographique dynamique des populations phylogénie génotype séquence nucléotidique génétique moléculaire transmission des maladies genre humain rat Xenopsylla cheopis Pulicidae santé publique http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_26752 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2615 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5083 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6111 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_13325 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3225 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27583 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27577 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2329 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4586 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6464 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30409 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30401 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6349 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4510 Vogler, Amy. J. Chan, Fabien Wagner, David.M. Roumagnac, Philippe Lee, Judy Nera, Roxanne Eppinger, Mark Ravel, Jacques Rahalison, Lila Rasoamanana, Bruno W. Beckstrom-Sternberg, Stephen M. Achtman, Mark Chanteau, Suzanne Keim, Paul Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of yersinia pestis in Madagascar |
description |
Background: Plague was introduced to Madagascar in 1898 and continues to be a significant human health problem. It exists mainly in the central highlands, but in the 1990s was reintroduced to the port city of Mahajanga, where it caused extensive human outbreaks. Despite its prevalence, the phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of Y. pestis in Madagascar has been difficult to study due to the great genetic similarity among isolates. We examine island-wide geographic-genetic patterns based upon whole-genome discovery of SNPs, SNP genotyping and hypervariable variablenumber tandem repeat (VNTR) loci to gain insight into the maintenance and spread of Y. pestis in Madagascar. Methodology/Principal Findings: We analyzed a set of 262 Malagasy isolates using a set of 56 SNPs and a 43-locus multilocus VNTR analysis (MLVA) system. We then analyzed the geographic distribution of the subclades and identified patterns related to the maintenance and spread of plague in Madagascar. We find relatively high levels of VNTR diversity in addition to several SNP differences. We identify two major groups, Groups I and II, which are subsequently divided into 11 and 4 subclades, respectively. Y. pestis appears to be maintained in several geographically separate subpopulations. There is also evidence for multiple long distance transfers of Y. pestis, likely human mediated. Such transfers have resulted in the reintroduction and establishment of plague in the port city of Mahajanga, where there is evidence for multiple transfers both from and to the central highlands. Conclusions/Significance: The maintenance and spread of Y. pestis in Madagascar is a dynamic and highly active process that relies on the natural cycle between the primary host, the black rat, and its flea vectors as well as human activity. |
format |
article |
topic_facet |
L73 - Maladies des animaux S50 - Santé humaine Yersinia pestis épidémiologie distribution géographique dynamique des populations phylogénie génotype séquence nucléotidique génétique moléculaire transmission des maladies genre humain rat Xenopsylla cheopis Pulicidae santé publique http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_26752 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2615 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5083 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6111 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_13325 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3225 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27583 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27577 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2329 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4586 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6464 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30409 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30401 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6349 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4510 |
author |
Vogler, Amy. J. Chan, Fabien Wagner, David.M. Roumagnac, Philippe Lee, Judy Nera, Roxanne Eppinger, Mark Ravel, Jacques Rahalison, Lila Rasoamanana, Bruno W. Beckstrom-Sternberg, Stephen M. Achtman, Mark Chanteau, Suzanne Keim, Paul |
author_facet |
Vogler, Amy. J. Chan, Fabien Wagner, David.M. Roumagnac, Philippe Lee, Judy Nera, Roxanne Eppinger, Mark Ravel, Jacques Rahalison, Lila Rasoamanana, Bruno W. Beckstrom-Sternberg, Stephen M. Achtman, Mark Chanteau, Suzanne Keim, Paul |
author_sort |
Vogler, Amy. J. |
title |
Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of yersinia pestis in Madagascar |
title_short |
Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of yersinia pestis in Madagascar |
title_full |
Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of yersinia pestis in Madagascar |
title_fullStr |
Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of yersinia pestis in Madagascar |
title_full_unstemmed |
Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of yersinia pestis in Madagascar |
title_sort |
phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of yersinia pestis in madagascar |
url |
http://agritrop.cirad.fr/567156/ http://agritrop.cirad.fr/567156/1/document_567156.pdf |
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dig-cirad-fr-5671562024-01-28T21:06:10Z http://agritrop.cirad.fr/567156/ http://agritrop.cirad.fr/567156/ Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of yersinia pestis in Madagascar. Vogler Amy. J., Chan Fabien, Wagner David.M., Roumagnac Philippe, Lee Judy, Nera Roxanne, Eppinger Mark, Ravel Jacques, Rahalison Lila, Rasoamanana Bruno W., Beckstrom-Sternberg Stephen M., Achtman Mark, Chanteau Suzanne, Keim Paul. 2011. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5 (9):e1319, 11 p.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001319 <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001319> Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of yersinia pestis in Madagascar Vogler, Amy. J. Chan, Fabien Wagner, David.M. Roumagnac, Philippe Lee, Judy Nera, Roxanne Eppinger, Mark Ravel, Jacques Rahalison, Lila Rasoamanana, Bruno W. Beckstrom-Sternberg, Stephen M. Achtman, Mark Chanteau, Suzanne Keim, Paul eng 2011 PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases L73 - Maladies des animaux S50 - Santé humaine Yersinia pestis épidémiologie distribution géographique dynamique des populations phylogénie génotype séquence nucléotidique génétique moléculaire transmission des maladies genre humain rat Xenopsylla cheopis Pulicidae santé publique http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_26752 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2615 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5083 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6111 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_13325 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3225 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27583 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27577 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2329 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4586 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6464 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30409 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30401 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6349 Madagascar http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4510 Background: Plague was introduced to Madagascar in 1898 and continues to be a significant human health problem. It exists mainly in the central highlands, but in the 1990s was reintroduced to the port city of Mahajanga, where it caused extensive human outbreaks. Despite its prevalence, the phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of Y. pestis in Madagascar has been difficult to study due to the great genetic similarity among isolates. We examine island-wide geographic-genetic patterns based upon whole-genome discovery of SNPs, SNP genotyping and hypervariable variablenumber tandem repeat (VNTR) loci to gain insight into the maintenance and spread of Y. pestis in Madagascar. Methodology/Principal Findings: We analyzed a set of 262 Malagasy isolates using a set of 56 SNPs and a 43-locus multilocus VNTR analysis (MLVA) system. We then analyzed the geographic distribution of the subclades and identified patterns related to the maintenance and spread of plague in Madagascar. We find relatively high levels of VNTR diversity in addition to several SNP differences. We identify two major groups, Groups I and II, which are subsequently divided into 11 and 4 subclades, respectively. Y. pestis appears to be maintained in several geographically separate subpopulations. There is also evidence for multiple long distance transfers of Y. pestis, likely human mediated. Such transfers have resulted in the reintroduction and establishment of plague in the port city of Mahajanga, where there is evidence for multiple transfers both from and to the central highlands. Conclusions/Significance: The maintenance and spread of Y. pestis in Madagascar is a dynamic and highly active process that relies on the natural cycle between the primary host, the black rat, and its flea vectors as well as human activity. article info:eu-repo/semantics/article Journal Article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://agritrop.cirad.fr/567156/1/document_567156.pdf application/pdf Cirad license info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://agritrop.cirad.fr/mention_legale.html https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001319 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001319 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001319 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/purl/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001319 |