Radioisotope Techniques for Problem-Solving in Industrial Process Plants [electronic resource] /

1 Radioisotopes in industry -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Historical perspective -- 1.3 Current uses of radioisotopes in problem-solving -- 1.4 Growth trends and the future -- References -- 2 The basic physics of radioactivity -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The structure of the atom -- 2.3 Isotopes -- 2.4 Ionizing radiations -- 2.5 Important concepts in radioactivity -- 2.6 Properties of radiations—interactions with matter -- Select bibliography -- 3 Radiation detection -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods of detection -- 3.3 The Geiger counter in more detail -- 3.4 The scintillation counter in more detail -- 3.5 Pulse processing equipment -- 4 Radioactive sources -- 4.1 Production of radioactive sources -- 4.2 Radioisotopes from natural sources -- 4.3 Fission products -- 4.4 Neutron activation -- 4.5 Cyclotrons and accelerators -- 4.6 Radionuclide generators -- References -- 5 Biological effects of radiation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Ionizing radiations -- 5.3 Harmful effects of radiation: historical perspective -- 5.4 Radiological protection: historical perspective -- 5.5 Radiation dose -- 5.6 The hazards of ionizing radiations -- 5.7 Dose and risk -- 5.8 ICRP recommendations -- 5.9 Doses in perspective -- 5.10 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Radiological protection -- 6.1 Protection against external radiation -- 6.2 Protection against internal radiation -- 6.3 Conclusions -- 7 Radioactive tracer applications -- 7.1 Half-life -- 7.2 Specific activity -- 7.3 Type of radiation -- 7.4 Energy of radiation -- 7.5 Physical and chemical behavior -- 7.6 Planning a radioisotope tracer investigation -- References -- 8 Measurement of flow using radioactive tracers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Pulse velocity method -- 8.3 Dilution methods -- 8.4 Application of radiotracer flow methods -- References -- 9 Measurement of residence times and residence-time distributions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Flow through ideal reactors -- 9.3 Flow through non-ideal reactors -- 9.4 Models for non-ideal flow -- 9.5 Calculation of parameters -- 9.6 Diagnosing malfunctions of process equipment -- 9.7 Equipment arrangement for measurement of RTD using radiotracers -- 9.8 Case histories -- References -- 10 Leakage detection -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Leak detection techniques -- 10.3 Description of radiotracer techniques -- 10.4 Detection equipment -- 10.5 Case histories -- 11 Miscellaneous radiotracer applications -- 11.1 Mixing and blending studies -- 11.2 Measurement of volume -- 11.3 Ventilation studies using radioisotopes -- 11.4 Line pigging -- 11.5 Corrosion and wear studies -- References -- 12 Sealed-source applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Types of sealed source -- 12.3 Selection of measurement techniques -- References -- 13 Gamma-ray absorption techniques -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Equipment for plant applications -- 13.3 Thickness measurement -- 13.4 Density measurement -- 13.5 Measurement of mass per unit area -- 13.6 Case histories -- References -- 14 Radiation scattering techniques -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Radiation scattering processes -- 14.3 Industrial applications -- 14.4 Case studies -- References -- 15 Neutron techniques -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Neutron interactions -- 15.3 Techniques based upon neutron moderation -- 15.4 Neutron absorption techniques -- 15.5 Neutron activation techniques -- 15.6 Radiological protection aspects -- 15.7 Case histories -- References -- Appendix: Radiation measurement—statistical considerations -- A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Counting statistics -- A.3 Correlation of sets of observations -- A.4 Precision of a single measurement -- A.5 Standard deviation of a ratemeter -- A.6 Error propagation -- A.7 Effect of background -- A.8 Statistics of pulse height distributions -- A.9 Detector efficiency -- References.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Charlton, J. S. editor., SpringerLink (Online service)
Format:	Texto biblioteca
Language:	eng
Published:	Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1986
Subjects:	Chemistry., Analytical chemistry., Biotechnology., Mechanical engineering., Mechanical Engineering., Analytical Chemistry.,
Online Access:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4073-4
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