Managing Sudden Stops
The recent reversal of capital flows to emerging markets has pointed up the continuing relevance of the sudden stop problem. This paper analyzes the sudden stops in capital flows to emerging markets since 1991. It shows that the frequency and duration of sudden stops have remained largely unchanged, but that the relative importance of different factors in their incidence has changed. In particular, global factors appear to have become more important relative to country-specific characteristics and policies. Sudden stops now tend to affect different parts of the world simultaneously rather than bunching regionally. Stronger macroeconomic and financial frameworks have allowed policy makers to respond more flexibly, but these more flexible responses have not guaranteed insulation or mitigated the impact of the phenomenon. These findings suggest that the challenge of understanding and coping with capital-flow volatility is far from fully met.
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dig-okr-10986242132024-08-07T19:59:33Z Managing Sudden Stops Eichengreen, Barry Gupta, Poonam CURRENCY MISMATCHES MONETARY POLICY DEFICIT DEPOSIT FOREIGN CAPITAL TRADE CREDIT CHECKS ACCOUNTING MONEY SUPPLIES INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL PUBLIC DEBTS EQUITY FLOWS STOCK FISCAL DEFICITS FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET INTEREST TRADE CREDITS MONEY SUPPLY EMERGING ECONOMIES FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES INTEREST RATE OPTION EXCHANGE LIQUIDITY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS CORPORATE SECURITIES PORTFOLIO BANK INTEREST RATES FISCAL POLICY BONDS MARKET INSTRUMENTS CURRENCY MISMATCH TAX DUMMY VARIABLE RESERVE CENTRAL BANKS INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INSTRUMENTS FINANCIAL FRAGILITY BANK LENDING BUDGET CENTRAL BANK POLICY RESPONSE EQUITY CAPITAL FISCAL POLICIES TRADE BALANCE GLOBAL ECONOMY CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATE MOVEMENTS POLICY RESPONSES PORTFOLIO CAPITAL DEBTS EXCHANGE RATES CAPITAL ACCOUNT TRANSACTIONS OPTIONS INTEREST RATES MONETARY FUND FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE CAPITAL OUTFLOWS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS MARKETS DEBT CAPITAL MARKET RETURN DEFICITS BUDGET DEFICIT BUDGET DEFICITS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS SHORT-TERM CAPITAL LOANS RESERVES BANK CREDIT FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCE FOREIGN CURRENCY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TAXES BANKING SECTOR EXPENDITURE TRANSACTIONS EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY INVESTORS FEDERAL RESERVE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES BOND MARKETS PRIVATE SECTOR BANK RATES OF INFLATION INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT FINANCIAL CRISIS INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET CAPITAL MOVEMENTS BUDGETS DOMESTIC BANKING BANK BALANCE SHEETS CAPITAL FLOWS CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT SHARES BALANCE SHEET REAL EXCHANGE RATE MARKET LOCAL CURRENCY FOREIGN EXCHANGE MONETARY POLICIES SECURITIES PUBLIC DEBT CAPITAL INFLOW INFLATION RATES INSURANCE CURRENCIES GOVERNMENT DEBT CURRENCY DEPRECIATION FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION GOODS SECURITY INVESTMENT BOND DOMESTIC CREDIT SHARE BALANCE SHEETS FINANCIAL MARKETS POLITICAL STABILITY BID CAPITAL INFLOWS REVENUE MONEY MARKET MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS LENDING CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CREDIT GROWTH CAPITAL FLOW EXCHANGE RATE INSTRUMENT RISK AVERSION PORTFOLIO FLOWS LIABILITIES OPEN ECONOMIES INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS FOREIGN EQUITY CAPITAL ACCOUNT FINANCIAL OPENNESS CREDIT LINES GUARANTEE DEVELOPMENT BANK POLITICAL RISK The recent reversal of capital flows to emerging markets has pointed up the continuing relevance of the sudden stop problem. This paper analyzes the sudden stops in capital flows to emerging markets since 1991. It shows that the frequency and duration of sudden stops have remained largely unchanged, but that the relative importance of different factors in their incidence has changed. In particular, global factors appear to have become more important relative to country-specific characteristics and policies. Sudden stops now tend to affect different parts of the world simultaneously rather than bunching regionally. Stronger macroeconomic and financial frameworks have allowed policy makers to respond more flexibly, but these more flexible responses have not guaranteed insulation or mitigated the impact of the phenomenon. These findings suggest that the challenge of understanding and coping with capital-flow volatility is far from fully met. 2016-05-04T18:13:27Z 2016-05-04T18:13:27Z 2016-04 Working Paper Document de travail Documento de trabajo http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26219966/managing-sudden-stops https://hdl.handle.net/10986/24213 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7639 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, DC |
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Banco Mundial |
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Estados Unidos |
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US |
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Bibliográfico |
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America del Norte |
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Biblioteca del Banco Mundial |
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English en_US |
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CURRENCY MISMATCHES MONETARY POLICY DEFICIT DEPOSIT FOREIGN CAPITAL TRADE CREDIT CHECKS ACCOUNTING MONEY SUPPLIES INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL PUBLIC DEBTS EQUITY FLOWS STOCK FISCAL DEFICITS FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET INTEREST TRADE CREDITS MONEY SUPPLY EMERGING ECONOMIES FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES INTEREST RATE OPTION EXCHANGE LIQUIDITY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS CORPORATE SECURITIES PORTFOLIO BANK INTEREST RATES FISCAL POLICY BONDS MARKET INSTRUMENTS CURRENCY MISMATCH TAX DUMMY VARIABLE RESERVE CENTRAL BANKS INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INSTRUMENTS FINANCIAL FRAGILITY BANK LENDING BUDGET CENTRAL BANK POLICY RESPONSE EQUITY CAPITAL FISCAL POLICIES TRADE BALANCE GLOBAL ECONOMY CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATE MOVEMENTS POLICY RESPONSES PORTFOLIO CAPITAL DEBTS EXCHANGE RATES CAPITAL ACCOUNT TRANSACTIONS OPTIONS INTEREST RATES MONETARY FUND FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE CAPITAL OUTFLOWS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS MARKETS DEBT CAPITAL MARKET RETURN DEFICITS BUDGET DEFICIT BUDGET DEFICITS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS SHORT-TERM CAPITAL LOANS RESERVES BANK CREDIT FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCE FOREIGN CURRENCY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TAXES BANKING SECTOR EXPENDITURE TRANSACTIONS EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY INVESTORS FEDERAL RESERVE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES BOND MARKETS PRIVATE SECTOR BANK RATES OF INFLATION INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT FINANCIAL CRISIS INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET CAPITAL MOVEMENTS BUDGETS DOMESTIC BANKING BANK BALANCE SHEETS CAPITAL FLOWS CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT SHARES BALANCE SHEET REAL EXCHANGE RATE MARKET LOCAL CURRENCY FOREIGN EXCHANGE MONETARY POLICIES SECURITIES PUBLIC DEBT CAPITAL INFLOW INFLATION RATES INSURANCE CURRENCIES GOVERNMENT DEBT CURRENCY DEPRECIATION FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION GOODS SECURITY INVESTMENT BOND DOMESTIC CREDIT SHARE BALANCE SHEETS FINANCIAL MARKETS POLITICAL STABILITY BID CAPITAL INFLOWS REVENUE MONEY MARKET MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS LENDING CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CREDIT GROWTH CAPITAL FLOW EXCHANGE RATE INSTRUMENT RISK AVERSION PORTFOLIO FLOWS LIABILITIES OPEN ECONOMIES INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS FOREIGN EQUITY CAPITAL ACCOUNT FINANCIAL OPENNESS CREDIT LINES GUARANTEE DEVELOPMENT BANK POLITICAL RISK CURRENCY MISMATCHES MONETARY POLICY DEFICIT DEPOSIT FOREIGN CAPITAL TRADE CREDIT CHECKS ACCOUNTING MONEY SUPPLIES INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL PUBLIC DEBTS EQUITY FLOWS STOCK FISCAL DEFICITS FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET INTEREST TRADE CREDITS MONEY SUPPLY EMERGING ECONOMIES FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES INTEREST RATE OPTION EXCHANGE LIQUIDITY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS CORPORATE SECURITIES PORTFOLIO BANK INTEREST RATES FISCAL POLICY BONDS MARKET INSTRUMENTS CURRENCY MISMATCH TAX DUMMY VARIABLE RESERVE CENTRAL BANKS INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INSTRUMENTS FINANCIAL FRAGILITY BANK LENDING BUDGET CENTRAL BANK POLICY RESPONSE EQUITY CAPITAL FISCAL POLICIES TRADE BALANCE GLOBAL ECONOMY CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATE MOVEMENTS POLICY RESPONSES PORTFOLIO CAPITAL DEBTS EXCHANGE RATES CAPITAL ACCOUNT TRANSACTIONS OPTIONS INTEREST RATES MONETARY FUND FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE CAPITAL OUTFLOWS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS MARKETS DEBT CAPITAL MARKET RETURN DEFICITS BUDGET DEFICIT BUDGET DEFICITS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS SHORT-TERM CAPITAL LOANS RESERVES BANK CREDIT FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCE FOREIGN CURRENCY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TAXES BANKING SECTOR EXPENDITURE TRANSACTIONS EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY INVESTORS FEDERAL RESERVE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES BOND MARKETS PRIVATE SECTOR BANK RATES OF INFLATION INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT FINANCIAL CRISIS INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET CAPITAL MOVEMENTS BUDGETS DOMESTIC BANKING BANK BALANCE SHEETS CAPITAL FLOWS CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT SHARES BALANCE SHEET REAL EXCHANGE RATE MARKET LOCAL CURRENCY FOREIGN EXCHANGE MONETARY POLICIES SECURITIES PUBLIC DEBT CAPITAL INFLOW INFLATION RATES INSURANCE CURRENCIES GOVERNMENT DEBT CURRENCY DEPRECIATION FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION GOODS SECURITY INVESTMENT BOND DOMESTIC CREDIT SHARE BALANCE SHEETS FINANCIAL MARKETS POLITICAL STABILITY BID CAPITAL INFLOWS REVENUE MONEY MARKET MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS LENDING CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CREDIT GROWTH CAPITAL FLOW EXCHANGE RATE INSTRUMENT RISK AVERSION PORTFOLIO FLOWS LIABILITIES OPEN ECONOMIES INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS FOREIGN EQUITY CAPITAL ACCOUNT FINANCIAL OPENNESS CREDIT LINES GUARANTEE DEVELOPMENT BANK POLITICAL RISK |
| spellingShingle |
CURRENCY MISMATCHES MONETARY POLICY DEFICIT DEPOSIT FOREIGN CAPITAL TRADE CREDIT CHECKS ACCOUNTING MONEY SUPPLIES INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL PUBLIC DEBTS EQUITY FLOWS STOCK FISCAL DEFICITS FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET INTEREST TRADE CREDITS MONEY SUPPLY EMERGING ECONOMIES FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES INTEREST RATE OPTION EXCHANGE LIQUIDITY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS CORPORATE SECURITIES PORTFOLIO BANK INTEREST RATES FISCAL POLICY BONDS MARKET INSTRUMENTS CURRENCY MISMATCH TAX DUMMY VARIABLE RESERVE CENTRAL BANKS INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INSTRUMENTS FINANCIAL FRAGILITY BANK LENDING BUDGET CENTRAL BANK POLICY RESPONSE EQUITY CAPITAL FISCAL POLICIES TRADE BALANCE GLOBAL ECONOMY CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATE MOVEMENTS POLICY RESPONSES PORTFOLIO CAPITAL DEBTS EXCHANGE RATES CAPITAL ACCOUNT TRANSACTIONS OPTIONS INTEREST RATES MONETARY FUND FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE CAPITAL OUTFLOWS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS MARKETS DEBT CAPITAL MARKET RETURN DEFICITS BUDGET DEFICIT BUDGET DEFICITS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS SHORT-TERM CAPITAL LOANS RESERVES BANK CREDIT FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCE FOREIGN CURRENCY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TAXES BANKING SECTOR EXPENDITURE TRANSACTIONS EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY INVESTORS FEDERAL RESERVE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES BOND MARKETS PRIVATE SECTOR BANK RATES OF INFLATION INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT FINANCIAL CRISIS INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET CAPITAL MOVEMENTS BUDGETS DOMESTIC BANKING BANK BALANCE SHEETS CAPITAL FLOWS CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT SHARES BALANCE SHEET REAL EXCHANGE RATE MARKET LOCAL CURRENCY FOREIGN EXCHANGE MONETARY POLICIES SECURITIES PUBLIC DEBT CAPITAL INFLOW INFLATION RATES INSURANCE CURRENCIES GOVERNMENT DEBT CURRENCY DEPRECIATION FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION GOODS SECURITY INVESTMENT BOND DOMESTIC CREDIT SHARE BALANCE SHEETS FINANCIAL MARKETS POLITICAL STABILITY BID CAPITAL INFLOWS REVENUE MONEY MARKET MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS LENDING CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CREDIT GROWTH CAPITAL FLOW EXCHANGE RATE INSTRUMENT RISK AVERSION PORTFOLIO FLOWS LIABILITIES OPEN ECONOMIES INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS FOREIGN EQUITY CAPITAL ACCOUNT FINANCIAL OPENNESS CREDIT LINES GUARANTEE DEVELOPMENT BANK POLITICAL RISK CURRENCY MISMATCHES MONETARY POLICY DEFICIT DEPOSIT FOREIGN CAPITAL TRADE CREDIT CHECKS ACCOUNTING MONEY SUPPLIES INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL PUBLIC DEBTS EQUITY FLOWS STOCK FISCAL DEFICITS FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET INTEREST TRADE CREDITS MONEY SUPPLY EMERGING ECONOMIES FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES INTEREST RATE OPTION EXCHANGE LIQUIDITY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS CORPORATE SECURITIES PORTFOLIO BANK INTEREST RATES FISCAL POLICY BONDS MARKET INSTRUMENTS CURRENCY MISMATCH TAX DUMMY VARIABLE RESERVE CENTRAL BANKS INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INSTRUMENTS FINANCIAL FRAGILITY BANK LENDING BUDGET CENTRAL BANK POLICY RESPONSE EQUITY CAPITAL FISCAL POLICIES TRADE BALANCE GLOBAL ECONOMY CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATE MOVEMENTS POLICY RESPONSES PORTFOLIO CAPITAL DEBTS EXCHANGE RATES CAPITAL ACCOUNT TRANSACTIONS OPTIONS INTEREST RATES MONETARY FUND FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE CAPITAL OUTFLOWS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS MARKETS DEBT CAPITAL MARKET RETURN DEFICITS BUDGET DEFICIT BUDGET DEFICITS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS SHORT-TERM CAPITAL LOANS RESERVES BANK CREDIT FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCE FOREIGN CURRENCY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TAXES BANKING SECTOR EXPENDITURE TRANSACTIONS EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY INVESTORS FEDERAL RESERVE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES BOND MARKETS PRIVATE SECTOR BANK RATES OF INFLATION INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT FINANCIAL CRISIS INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET CAPITAL MOVEMENTS BUDGETS DOMESTIC BANKING BANK BALANCE SHEETS CAPITAL FLOWS CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT SHARES BALANCE SHEET REAL EXCHANGE RATE MARKET LOCAL CURRENCY FOREIGN EXCHANGE MONETARY POLICIES SECURITIES PUBLIC DEBT CAPITAL INFLOW INFLATION RATES INSURANCE CURRENCIES GOVERNMENT DEBT CURRENCY DEPRECIATION FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION GOODS SECURITY INVESTMENT BOND DOMESTIC CREDIT SHARE BALANCE SHEETS FINANCIAL MARKETS POLITICAL STABILITY BID CAPITAL INFLOWS REVENUE MONEY MARKET MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS LENDING CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CREDIT GROWTH CAPITAL FLOW EXCHANGE RATE INSTRUMENT RISK AVERSION PORTFOLIO FLOWS LIABILITIES OPEN ECONOMIES INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS FOREIGN EQUITY CAPITAL ACCOUNT FINANCIAL OPENNESS CREDIT LINES GUARANTEE DEVELOPMENT BANK POLITICAL RISK Eichengreen, Barry Gupta, Poonam Managing Sudden Stops |
| description |
The recent reversal of capital flows to
emerging markets has pointed up the continuing relevance of
the sudden stop problem. This paper analyzes the sudden
stops in capital flows to emerging markets since 1991. It
shows that the frequency and duration of sudden stops have
remained largely unchanged, but that the relative importance
of different factors in their incidence has changed. In
particular, global factors appear to have become more
important relative to country-specific characteristics and
policies. Sudden stops now tend to affect different parts of
the world simultaneously rather than bunching regionally.
Stronger macroeconomic and financial frameworks have allowed
policy makers to respond more flexibly, but these more
flexible responses have not guaranteed insulation or
mitigated the impact of the phenomenon. These findings
suggest that the challenge of understanding and coping with
capital-flow volatility is far from fully met. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| topic_facet |
CURRENCY MISMATCHES MONETARY POLICY DEFICIT DEPOSIT FOREIGN CAPITAL TRADE CREDIT CHECKS ACCOUNTING MONEY SUPPLIES INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL PUBLIC DEBTS EQUITY FLOWS STOCK FISCAL DEFICITS FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET INTEREST TRADE CREDITS MONEY SUPPLY EMERGING ECONOMIES FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES INTEREST RATE OPTION EXCHANGE LIQUIDITY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS CORPORATE SECURITIES PORTFOLIO BANK INTEREST RATES FISCAL POLICY BONDS MARKET INSTRUMENTS CURRENCY MISMATCH TAX DUMMY VARIABLE RESERVE CENTRAL BANKS INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INSTRUMENTS FINANCIAL FRAGILITY BANK LENDING BUDGET CENTRAL BANK POLICY RESPONSE EQUITY CAPITAL FISCAL POLICIES TRADE BALANCE GLOBAL ECONOMY CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATE MOVEMENTS POLICY RESPONSES PORTFOLIO CAPITAL DEBTS EXCHANGE RATES CAPITAL ACCOUNT TRANSACTIONS OPTIONS INTEREST RATES MONETARY FUND FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE CAPITAL OUTFLOWS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS MARKETS DEBT CAPITAL MARKET RETURN DEFICITS BUDGET DEFICIT BUDGET DEFICITS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS SHORT-TERM CAPITAL LOANS RESERVES BANK CREDIT FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCE FOREIGN CURRENCY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TAXES BANKING SECTOR EXPENDITURE TRANSACTIONS EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY INVESTORS FEDERAL RESERVE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES BOND MARKETS PRIVATE SECTOR BANK RATES OF INFLATION INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT FINANCIAL CRISIS INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET CAPITAL MOVEMENTS BUDGETS DOMESTIC BANKING BANK BALANCE SHEETS CAPITAL FLOWS CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT SHARES BALANCE SHEET REAL EXCHANGE RATE MARKET LOCAL CURRENCY FOREIGN EXCHANGE MONETARY POLICIES SECURITIES PUBLIC DEBT CAPITAL INFLOW INFLATION RATES INSURANCE CURRENCIES GOVERNMENT DEBT CURRENCY DEPRECIATION FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION GOODS SECURITY INVESTMENT BOND DOMESTIC CREDIT SHARE BALANCE SHEETS FINANCIAL MARKETS POLITICAL STABILITY BID CAPITAL INFLOWS REVENUE MONEY MARKET MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS LENDING CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CREDIT GROWTH CAPITAL FLOW EXCHANGE RATE INSTRUMENT RISK AVERSION PORTFOLIO FLOWS LIABILITIES OPEN ECONOMIES INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS FOREIGN EQUITY CAPITAL ACCOUNT FINANCIAL OPENNESS CREDIT LINES GUARANTEE DEVELOPMENT BANK POLITICAL RISK |
| author |
Eichengreen, Barry Gupta, Poonam |
| author_facet |
Eichengreen, Barry Gupta, Poonam |
| author_sort |
Eichengreen, Barry |
| title |
Managing Sudden Stops |
| title_short |
Managing Sudden Stops |
| title_full |
Managing Sudden Stops |
| title_fullStr |
Managing Sudden Stops |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Managing Sudden Stops |
| title_sort |
managing sudden stops |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2016-04 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26219966/managing-sudden-stops https://hdl.handle.net/10986/24213 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT eichengreenbarry managingsuddenstops AT guptapoonam managingsuddenstops |
| _version_ |
1807155164199518208 |