Income-Related Biases in International Trade : What Do Trademark Registration Data Tell Us?
Economists have long recognized that richer countries trade more among themselves than with poorer economies due to a closer match of exporter supply structures and importer preferences. In the literature, the closeness of supply and demand has traditionally been determined by the quality of products-as expressed in the so-called Linder hypothesis. This paper examines an extension of the Linder hypothesis by also considering the extent of horizontal product differentiation as another determinant of the closeness of supply and demand. The empirical analysis employs information on international trademark registrations to test whether richer countries import more from countries whose exports are of higher quality and exhibit a greater degree of product differentiation. The results lend support to the hypothesis in most consumer goods sectors but not in intermediate goods sectors.
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dig-okr-10986180402024-08-08T17:41:36Z Income-Related Biases in International Trade : What Do Trademark Registration Data Tell Us? Fink, Carsten Smarzynska Javorcik, Beata Spatareanu, Mariana ADVERTISING APPAREL BILATERAL TRADE BRAND NAMES BRANDS COAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE MARKETS COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMER PREFERENCES CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION LEVELS COUNTRY MARKETS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMICS RESEARCH ECONOMISTS ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION EMERGING MARKETS EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUILIBRIUM EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTERS EXPORTS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN MARKET FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN TRADE GDP GDP PER CAPITA GRAVITY EQUATION GRAVITY MODEL HUMAN CAPITAL IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT MARKETS IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRY TRADE INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE MARKET ACCESS MARKET ENTRY MARKET FORCES MARKET MECHANISM MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKETING MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION PER CAPITA INCOME PERFECT COMPETITION POLITICAL ECONOMY PREFERENTIAL TRADE PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PRESENT VALUE PRICE COMPETITION PRICE CONTROL PRODUCERS PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT QUALITY REGIONALIZATION REGRESSION ANALYSIS STOCKS TARIFF BARRIERS TRADE BARRIERS TRADE COSTS TRADE FLOWS TRADE MODELS TRADE MORE TRADE PATTERNS TRADEMARKS TRANSPORT COSTS UTILITY FUNCTION VALUE OF EXPORTS VALUE OF TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPORT VOLUME PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION SUPPLY & DEMAND TRADEMARK LICENCES PRODUCT QUALITY CONSUMER GOODS INTERMEDIATE GOODS VALUE OF TRADE Economists have long recognized that richer countries trade more among themselves than with poorer economies due to a closer match of exporter supply structures and importer preferences. In the literature, the closeness of supply and demand has traditionally been determined by the quality of products-as expressed in the so-called Linder hypothesis. This paper examines an extension of the Linder hypothesis by also considering the extent of horizontal product differentiation as another determinant of the closeness of supply and demand. The empirical analysis employs information on international trademark registrations to test whether richer countries import more from countries whose exports are of higher quality and exhibit a greater degree of product differentiation. The results lend support to the hypothesis in most consumer goods sectors but not in intermediate goods sectors. 2014-04-25T14:38:49Z 2014-04-25T14:38:49Z 2003-10 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/10/2630741/income-related-biases-international-trade-trademark-registration-data-tell https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18040 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 3150 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, DC |
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Banco Mundial |
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Estados Unidos |
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US |
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Bibliográfico |
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biblioteca |
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America del Norte |
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Biblioteca del Banco Mundial |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ADVERTISING APPAREL BILATERAL TRADE BRAND NAMES BRANDS COAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE MARKETS COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMER PREFERENCES CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION LEVELS COUNTRY MARKETS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMICS RESEARCH ECONOMISTS ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION EMERGING MARKETS EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUILIBRIUM EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTERS EXPORTS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN MARKET FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN TRADE GDP GDP PER CAPITA GRAVITY EQUATION GRAVITY MODEL HUMAN CAPITAL IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT MARKETS IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRY TRADE INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE MARKET ACCESS MARKET ENTRY MARKET FORCES MARKET MECHANISM MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKETING MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION PER CAPITA INCOME PERFECT COMPETITION POLITICAL ECONOMY PREFERENTIAL TRADE PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PRESENT VALUE PRICE COMPETITION PRICE CONTROL PRODUCERS PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT QUALITY REGIONALIZATION REGRESSION ANALYSIS STOCKS TARIFF BARRIERS TRADE BARRIERS TRADE COSTS TRADE FLOWS TRADE MODELS TRADE MORE TRADE PATTERNS TRADEMARKS TRANSPORT COSTS UTILITY FUNCTION VALUE OF EXPORTS VALUE OF TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPORT VOLUME PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION SUPPLY & DEMAND TRADEMARK LICENCES PRODUCT QUALITY CONSUMER GOODS INTERMEDIATE GOODS VALUE OF TRADE ADVERTISING APPAREL BILATERAL TRADE BRAND NAMES BRANDS COAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE MARKETS COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMER PREFERENCES CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION LEVELS COUNTRY MARKETS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMICS RESEARCH ECONOMISTS ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION EMERGING MARKETS EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUILIBRIUM EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTERS EXPORTS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN MARKET FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN TRADE GDP GDP PER CAPITA GRAVITY EQUATION GRAVITY MODEL HUMAN CAPITAL IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT MARKETS IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRY TRADE INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE MARKET ACCESS MARKET ENTRY MARKET FORCES MARKET MECHANISM MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKETING MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION PER CAPITA INCOME PERFECT COMPETITION POLITICAL ECONOMY PREFERENTIAL TRADE PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PRESENT VALUE PRICE COMPETITION PRICE CONTROL PRODUCERS PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT QUALITY REGIONALIZATION REGRESSION ANALYSIS STOCKS TARIFF BARRIERS TRADE BARRIERS TRADE COSTS TRADE FLOWS TRADE MODELS TRADE MORE TRADE PATTERNS TRADEMARKS TRANSPORT COSTS UTILITY FUNCTION VALUE OF EXPORTS VALUE OF TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPORT VOLUME PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION SUPPLY & DEMAND TRADEMARK LICENCES PRODUCT QUALITY CONSUMER GOODS INTERMEDIATE GOODS VALUE OF TRADE |
| spellingShingle |
ADVERTISING APPAREL BILATERAL TRADE BRAND NAMES BRANDS COAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE MARKETS COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMER PREFERENCES CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION LEVELS COUNTRY MARKETS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMICS RESEARCH ECONOMISTS ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION EMERGING MARKETS EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUILIBRIUM EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTERS EXPORTS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN MARKET FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN TRADE GDP GDP PER CAPITA GRAVITY EQUATION GRAVITY MODEL HUMAN CAPITAL IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT MARKETS IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRY TRADE INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE MARKET ACCESS MARKET ENTRY MARKET FORCES MARKET MECHANISM MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKETING MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION PER CAPITA INCOME PERFECT COMPETITION POLITICAL ECONOMY PREFERENTIAL TRADE PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PRESENT VALUE PRICE COMPETITION PRICE CONTROL PRODUCERS PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT QUALITY REGIONALIZATION REGRESSION ANALYSIS STOCKS TARIFF BARRIERS TRADE BARRIERS TRADE COSTS TRADE FLOWS TRADE MODELS TRADE MORE TRADE PATTERNS TRADEMARKS TRANSPORT COSTS UTILITY FUNCTION VALUE OF EXPORTS VALUE OF TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPORT VOLUME PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION SUPPLY & DEMAND TRADEMARK LICENCES PRODUCT QUALITY CONSUMER GOODS INTERMEDIATE GOODS VALUE OF TRADE ADVERTISING APPAREL BILATERAL TRADE BRAND NAMES BRANDS COAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE MARKETS COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMER PREFERENCES CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION LEVELS COUNTRY MARKETS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMICS RESEARCH ECONOMISTS ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION EMERGING MARKETS EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUILIBRIUM EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTERS EXPORTS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN MARKET FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN TRADE GDP GDP PER CAPITA GRAVITY EQUATION GRAVITY MODEL HUMAN CAPITAL IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT MARKETS IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRY TRADE INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE MARKET ACCESS MARKET ENTRY MARKET FORCES MARKET MECHANISM MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKETING MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION PER CAPITA INCOME PERFECT COMPETITION POLITICAL ECONOMY PREFERENTIAL TRADE PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PRESENT VALUE PRICE COMPETITION PRICE CONTROL PRODUCERS PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT QUALITY REGIONALIZATION REGRESSION ANALYSIS STOCKS TARIFF BARRIERS TRADE BARRIERS TRADE COSTS TRADE FLOWS TRADE MODELS TRADE MORE TRADE PATTERNS TRADEMARKS TRANSPORT COSTS UTILITY FUNCTION VALUE OF EXPORTS VALUE OF TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPORT VOLUME PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION SUPPLY & DEMAND TRADEMARK LICENCES PRODUCT QUALITY CONSUMER GOODS INTERMEDIATE GOODS VALUE OF TRADE Fink, Carsten Smarzynska Javorcik, Beata Spatareanu, Mariana Income-Related Biases in International Trade : What Do Trademark Registration Data Tell Us? |
| description |
Economists have long recognized that
richer countries trade more among themselves than with
poorer economies due to a closer match of exporter supply
structures and importer preferences. In the literature, the
closeness of supply and demand has traditionally been
determined by the quality of products-as expressed in the
so-called Linder hypothesis. This paper examines an
extension of the Linder hypothesis by also considering the
extent of horizontal product differentiation as another
determinant of the closeness of supply and demand. The
empirical analysis employs information on international
trademark registrations to test whether richer countries
import more from countries whose exports are of higher
quality and exhibit a greater degree of product
differentiation. The results lend support to the hypothesis
in most consumer goods sectors but not in intermediate goods sectors. |
| topic_facet |
ADVERTISING APPAREL BILATERAL TRADE BRAND NAMES BRANDS COAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE MARKETS COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMER PREFERENCES CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION LEVELS COUNTRY MARKETS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMICS RESEARCH ECONOMISTS ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION EMERGING MARKETS EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUILIBRIUM EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTERS EXPORTS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN MARKET FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN TRADE GDP GDP PER CAPITA GRAVITY EQUATION GRAVITY MODEL HUMAN CAPITAL IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT MARKETS IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRY TRADE INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE MARKET ACCESS MARKET ENTRY MARKET FORCES MARKET MECHANISM MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKETING MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION PER CAPITA INCOME PERFECT COMPETITION POLITICAL ECONOMY PREFERENTIAL TRADE PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PRESENT VALUE PRICE COMPETITION PRICE CONTROL PRODUCERS PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT QUALITY REGIONALIZATION REGRESSION ANALYSIS STOCKS TARIFF BARRIERS TRADE BARRIERS TRADE COSTS TRADE FLOWS TRADE MODELS TRADE MORE TRADE PATTERNS TRADEMARKS TRANSPORT COSTS UTILITY FUNCTION VALUE OF EXPORTS VALUE OF TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPORT VOLUME PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION SUPPLY & DEMAND TRADEMARK LICENCES PRODUCT QUALITY CONSUMER GOODS INTERMEDIATE GOODS VALUE OF TRADE |
| author |
Fink, Carsten Smarzynska Javorcik, Beata Spatareanu, Mariana |
| author_facet |
Fink, Carsten Smarzynska Javorcik, Beata Spatareanu, Mariana |
| author_sort |
Fink, Carsten |
| title |
Income-Related Biases in International Trade : What Do Trademark Registration Data Tell Us? |
| title_short |
Income-Related Biases in International Trade : What Do Trademark Registration Data Tell Us? |
| title_full |
Income-Related Biases in International Trade : What Do Trademark Registration Data Tell Us? |
| title_fullStr |
Income-Related Biases in International Trade : What Do Trademark Registration Data Tell Us? |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Income-Related Biases in International Trade : What Do Trademark Registration Data Tell Us? |
| title_sort |
income-related biases in international trade : what do trademark registration data tell us? |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2003-10 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/10/2630741/income-related-biases-international-trade-trademark-registration-data-tell https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18040 |
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| _version_ |
1807158166418358272 |