Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins Frequently Present in Aquafeeds to the Fish Cell Line RTGill-W1
In the last decades, the aquaculture industry has introduced plant-based ingredients as a source of protein in aquafeeds. This has led to mycotoxin contaminations, representing an ecological, health and economic problem. The aim of this study was to determine in the RTgill-W1 fish cell line the toxicity of fifteen mycotoxins of common occurrence in aquafeeds. To identify the most sensitive endpoint of toxicity, the triple assay was used. It consisted of three assays: alamarBlue, Neutral Red Uptake and CFDA-AM, which revealed the mitochondrial activity, the lysosomal integrity and the plasma membrane integrity, respectively. Most of the assayed mycotoxins were toxic predominantly at lysosomal level (enniatins, beauvericin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated metabolites 15-O-acetyl-DON and 3-acetyl-DON). Aflatoxins B1 and B2 exerted the greatest effects at mitochondrial level, while fumonisins B1 and B2 and nivalenol were not toxic up to 100 µg/mL. In general, low toxicity was observed at plasma membrane level. The vast majority of the mycotoxins assayed exerted a pronounced acute effect in the fish RTgill-W1 cell line, emphasizing the need for further studies to ascertain the impact of mycotoxin contamination of fish feeds in the aquaculture industry and to establish safe limits in aquafeeds.
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2021-08-20
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Subjects: | Mycotoxins, Cytotoxicity, Cell viability, RTgill-W1, Fish, |
Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/265923 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85113784129 |
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dig-inia-es-10261-2659232024-05-17T20:37:03Z Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins Frequently Present in Aquafeeds to the Fish Cell Line RTGill-W1 Bernal-Algaba, Elena Pulgarín-Alfaro, M Fernández-Cruz, M. L. CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Pulgarin-Alfaro, M [0000-0003-3877-6771] Fernández-Cruz, M. L. [0000-0001-5988-1939] Mycotoxins Cytotoxicity Cell viability RTgill-W1 Fish In the last decades, the aquaculture industry has introduced plant-based ingredients as a source of protein in aquafeeds. This has led to mycotoxin contaminations, representing an ecological, health and economic problem. The aim of this study was to determine in the RTgill-W1 fish cell line the toxicity of fifteen mycotoxins of common occurrence in aquafeeds. To identify the most sensitive endpoint of toxicity, the triple assay was used. It consisted of three assays: alamarBlue, Neutral Red Uptake and CFDA-AM, which revealed the mitochondrial activity, the lysosomal integrity and the plasma membrane integrity, respectively. Most of the assayed mycotoxins were toxic predominantly at lysosomal level (enniatins, beauvericin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated metabolites 15-O-acetyl-DON and 3-acetyl-DON). Aflatoxins B1 and B2 exerted the greatest effects at mitochondrial level, while fumonisins B1 and B2 and nivalenol were not toxic up to 100 µg/mL. In general, low toxicity was observed at plasma membrane level. The vast majority of the mycotoxins assayed exerted a pronounced acute effect in the fish RTgill-W1 cell line, emphasizing the need for further studies to ascertain the impact of mycotoxin contamination of fish feeds in the aquaculture industry and to establish safe limits in aquafeeds. This research was funded by Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) with the INIA project RTA2015-00041-00-00. Marta Pulgarin Alfaro and Elena Bernal were financially supported by a contract from Comunidad de Madrid (PEJ-2018-AI/AMB 10703, Siste Peer reviewed 2022-03-31T11:38:19Z 2022-03-31T11:38:19Z 2021-08-20 artículo http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Toxins 13(8): 581 (2021) http://hdl.handle.net/10261/265923 10.3390/toxins13080581 2072-6651 34437452 2-s2.0-85113784129 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85113784129 en #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# info:eu-repo/grantAgreement//INIA/RTA2015-00041-00-00 Toxins Publisher's version https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080581 Sí open Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
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Mycotoxins Cytotoxicity Cell viability RTgill-W1 Fish Mycotoxins Cytotoxicity Cell viability RTgill-W1 Fish |
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Mycotoxins Cytotoxicity Cell viability RTgill-W1 Fish Mycotoxins Cytotoxicity Cell viability RTgill-W1 Fish Bernal-Algaba, Elena Pulgarín-Alfaro, M Fernández-Cruz, M. L. Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins Frequently Present in Aquafeeds to the Fish Cell Line RTGill-W1 |
description |
In the last decades, the aquaculture industry has introduced plant-based ingredients as a source of protein in aquafeeds. This has led to mycotoxin contaminations, representing an ecological, health and economic problem. The aim of this study was to determine in the RTgill-W1 fish cell line the toxicity of fifteen mycotoxins of common occurrence in aquafeeds. To identify the most sensitive endpoint of toxicity, the triple assay was used. It consisted of three assays: alamarBlue, Neutral Red Uptake and CFDA-AM, which revealed the mitochondrial activity, the lysosomal integrity and the plasma membrane integrity, respectively. Most of the assayed mycotoxins were toxic predominantly at lysosomal level (enniatins, beauvericin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated metabolites 15-O-acetyl-DON and 3-acetyl-DON). Aflatoxins B1 and B2 exerted the greatest effects at mitochondrial level, while fumonisins B1 and B2 and nivalenol were not toxic up to 100 µg/mL. In general, low toxicity was observed at plasma membrane level. The vast majority of the mycotoxins assayed exerted a pronounced acute effect in the fish RTgill-W1 cell line, emphasizing the need for further studies to ascertain the impact of mycotoxin contamination of fish feeds in the aquaculture industry and to establish safe limits in aquafeeds. |
author2 |
CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) |
author_facet |
CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Bernal-Algaba, Elena Pulgarín-Alfaro, M Fernández-Cruz, M. L. |
format |
artículo |
topic_facet |
Mycotoxins Cytotoxicity Cell viability RTgill-W1 Fish |
author |
Bernal-Algaba, Elena Pulgarín-Alfaro, M Fernández-Cruz, M. L. |
author_sort |
Bernal-Algaba, Elena |
title |
Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins Frequently Present in Aquafeeds to the Fish Cell Line RTGill-W1 |
title_short |
Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins Frequently Present in Aquafeeds to the Fish Cell Line RTGill-W1 |
title_full |
Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins Frequently Present in Aquafeeds to the Fish Cell Line RTGill-W1 |
title_fullStr |
Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins Frequently Present in Aquafeeds to the Fish Cell Line RTGill-W1 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins Frequently Present in Aquafeeds to the Fish Cell Line RTGill-W1 |
title_sort |
cytotoxicity of mycotoxins frequently present in aquafeeds to the fish cell line rtgill-w1 |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021-08-20 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/265923 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85113784129 |
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_version_ |
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