International Comparison, Risk Assessment, and Prioritisation of 26 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Three European River Catchments in the UK, Ireland, and Spain
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) constitute a wide variety of chemistries with diverse properties that may/can pose risks to both humans and the environment. Herein, a total of 26 compounds, including steroids, flame retardants, and plasticizers, were monitored in three major and heavily urbanized river catchments: the R. Liffey (Ireland), the R. Thames (UK), and the R. Ter (Spain), by using a single solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method. Occurrence and frequency rates were investigated across all locations over a 10-week period, with the highest concentration obtained for the flame retardant tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) at 4767 ng∙L-1 in the R. Thames in Central London. Geographical variations were observed between sites and were partially explained using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). In particular, discrimination between the R. Ter and the R. Thames was observed based on the presence and concentration of flame retardants, benzotriazole, and steroids. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) across sites showed that caffeine, a chemical marker, and bisphenol A (BPA), a plasticizer, were classified as high-risk for the R. Liffey and R. Thames, based on relative risk quotients (rRQs), and that caffeine was classified as high-risk for the R. Ter, based on RQs. The total risks at each location, namely ΣRQriver, and ΣrRQriver, were: 361, 455, and 723 for the rivers Liffey, Thames, and Ter, respectively. Caffeine, as expected, was ubiquitous in all 3 urban areas, though with the highest RQ observed in the R. Ter. High contributions of BPA were also observed across the three matrices. Therefore, these two compounds should be prioritized independently of location. This study represents a comprehensive EDC monitoring comparison between different European cities based on a single analytical method, which allowed for a geographically independent ERA prioritization to be performed.
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2023-08-10
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Subjects: | Water pollution, LC-MS/MS, Contaminants of emerging concern, flame retardants, Plasticizers, Steroids, http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6, Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, |
Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/334508 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002809 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85169095873 |
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Water pollution LC-MS/MS Contaminants of emerging concern flame retardants Plasticizers Steroids http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Water pollution LC-MS/MS Contaminants of emerging concern flame retardants Plasticizers Steroids http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all |
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Water pollution LC-MS/MS Contaminants of emerging concern flame retardants Plasticizers Steroids http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Water pollution LC-MS/MS Contaminants of emerging concern flame retardants Plasticizers Steroids http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Rapp-Wright, Helena Rodríguez-Mozaz, Sara Álvarez-Muñoz, Diana Barceló, Damià Regan, Fiona Barron, Leon P. White, Blánaid International Comparison, Risk Assessment, and Prioritisation of 26 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Three European River Catchments in the UK, Ireland, and Spain |
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Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) constitute a wide variety of chemistries with diverse properties that may/can pose risks to both humans and the environment. Herein, a total of 26 compounds, including steroids, flame retardants, and plasticizers, were monitored in three major and heavily urbanized river catchments: the R. Liffey (Ireland), the R. Thames (UK), and the R. Ter (Spain), by using a single solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method. Occurrence and frequency rates were investigated across all locations over a 10-week period, with the highest concentration obtained for the flame retardant tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) at 4767 ng∙L-1 in the R. Thames in Central London. Geographical variations were observed between sites and were partially explained using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). In particular, discrimination between the R. Ter and the R. Thames was observed based on the presence and concentration of flame retardants, benzotriazole, and steroids. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) across sites showed that caffeine, a chemical marker, and bisphenol A (BPA), a plasticizer, were classified as high-risk for the R. Liffey and R. Thames, based on relative risk quotients (rRQs), and that caffeine was classified as high-risk for the R. Ter, based on RQs. The total risks at each location, namely ΣRQriver, and ΣrRQriver, were: 361, 455, and 723 for the rivers Liffey, Thames, and Ter, respectively. Caffeine, as expected, was ubiquitous in all 3 urban areas, though with the highest RQ observed in the R. Ter. High contributions of BPA were also observed across the three matrices. Therefore, these two compounds should be prioritized independently of location. This study represents a comprehensive EDC monitoring comparison between different European cities based on a single analytical method, which allowed for a geographically independent ERA prioritization to be performed. |
author2 |
Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) |
author_facet |
Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) Rapp-Wright, Helena Rodríguez-Mozaz, Sara Álvarez-Muñoz, Diana Barceló, Damià Regan, Fiona Barron, Leon P. White, Blánaid |
format |
artículo |
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Water pollution LC-MS/MS Contaminants of emerging concern flame retardants Plasticizers Steroids http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all |
author |
Rapp-Wright, Helena Rodríguez-Mozaz, Sara Álvarez-Muñoz, Diana Barceló, Damià Regan, Fiona Barron, Leon P. White, Blánaid |
author_sort |
Rapp-Wright, Helena |
title |
International Comparison, Risk Assessment, and Prioritisation of 26 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Three European River Catchments in the UK, Ireland, and Spain |
title_short |
International Comparison, Risk Assessment, and Prioritisation of 26 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Three European River Catchments in the UK, Ireland, and Spain |
title_full |
International Comparison, Risk Assessment, and Prioritisation of 26 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Three European River Catchments in the UK, Ireland, and Spain |
title_fullStr |
International Comparison, Risk Assessment, and Prioritisation of 26 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Three European River Catchments in the UK, Ireland, and Spain |
title_full_unstemmed |
International Comparison, Risk Assessment, and Prioritisation of 26 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Three European River Catchments in the UK, Ireland, and Spain |
title_sort |
international comparison, risk assessment, and prioritisation of 26 endocrine disrupting compounds in three european river catchments in the uk, ireland, and spain |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2023-08-10 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/334508 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002809 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85169095873 |
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dig-idaea-es-10261-3345082024-05-17T20:40:39Z International Comparison, Risk Assessment, and Prioritisation of 26 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Three European River Catchments in the UK, Ireland, and Spain Rapp-Wright, Helena Rodríguez-Mozaz, Sara Álvarez-Muñoz, Diana Barceló, Damià Regan, Fiona Barron, Leon P. White, Blánaid Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) Generalitat de Catalunya National Institute for Health and Care Research (US) Rodríguez-Mozaz, Sara [0000-0003-2962-8144] Álvarez-Muñoz, Diana [0000-0002-1891-3233] Barceló, Damià [0000-0002-8873-0491] Regan, Fiona [0000-0002-8273-9970] White, Blánaid [0000-0003-2982-8752] Water pollution LC-MS/MS Contaminants of emerging concern flame retardants Plasticizers Steroids http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) constitute a wide variety of chemistries with diverse properties that may/can pose risks to both humans and the environment. Herein, a total of 26 compounds, including steroids, flame retardants, and plasticizers, were monitored in three major and heavily urbanized river catchments: the R. Liffey (Ireland), the R. Thames (UK), and the R. Ter (Spain), by using a single solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method. Occurrence and frequency rates were investigated across all locations over a 10-week period, with the highest concentration obtained for the flame retardant tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) at 4767 ng∙L-1 in the R. Thames in Central London. Geographical variations were observed between sites and were partially explained using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). In particular, discrimination between the R. Ter and the R. Thames was observed based on the presence and concentration of flame retardants, benzotriazole, and steroids. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) across sites showed that caffeine, a chemical marker, and bisphenol A (BPA), a plasticizer, were classified as high-risk for the R. Liffey and R. Thames, based on relative risk quotients (rRQs), and that caffeine was classified as high-risk for the R. Ter, based on RQs. The total risks at each location, namely ΣRQriver, and ΣrRQriver, were: 361, 455, and 723 for the rivers Liffey, Thames, and Ter, respectively. Caffeine, as expected, was ubiquitous in all 3 urban areas, though with the highest RQ observed in the R. Ter. High contributions of BPA were also observed across the three matrices. Therefore, these two compounds should be prioritized independently of location. This study represents a comprehensive EDC monitoring comparison between different European cities based on a single analytical method, which allowed for a geographically independent ERA prioritization to be performed. This research was supported financially by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Ireland as part of the Innovative Monitoring to Prioritize Contaminants of Emerging Concern for Ireland (IMPACT) project funded under the EPA Research Programme 2014–2020. The EPA Research Programme is a Government of Ireland initiative funded by the Department of Communications, Climate Action, and Environment. The UHPLC-MS/MS system received support from the CERCAGINYS program, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. The authors acknowledge the support from the Economy and Knowledge Department of the Catalan Government through the Consolidated Research Group (ICRA-ENV–2021 SGR 01282). Leon P. Barron is part-funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) under the Health Protection Research Units in Environmental Exposures and Health and Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, both partnerships between the UK Health Security Agency and Imperial College London. Peer reviewed 2023-09-05T07:20:35Z 2023-09-05T07:20:35Z 2023-08-10 artículo http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Molecules 28(16): 5994 (2023) http://hdl.handle.net/10261/334508 10.3390/molecules28165994 1420-3049 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002809 37630246 2-s2.0-85169095873 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85169095873 en Publisher's version https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28165994 Sí open application/pdf Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |