Azerbaijan’s Household Survey Data : Explaining Why Inequality is So Low
While the Azerbaijan household income and expenditure survey (HIES) data satisfy most empirical regularities expected in a typical household survey data, the inequality measures based on the data are unusually low. For example, for the latest three years for which we have data (2002 - 2004), the consumption Gini coefficient (the commonly used summary measure of inequality) is in the range of 16 - 18 percent. This is among the lowest Gini coefficients ever observed in any country, and is extremely low even with the standard of countries generally considered as most equal in the world. Azerbaijan, a transitional economy with a significant natural resource base, is unlikely to be the most equal country in the world. The objective of this paper is to investigate why inequality measures are unusually low in the Azerbaijan household survey data. The author presents a methodology for diagnosing and identifying the potential sources of low inequality in the data, including cluster analysis at the primary sampling unit level. The main inference from the findings of the cluster analysis is that the observed low inequality indices are not due to poor supervision of the interviewers and the data collection process. The author finds that the main culprits for the observed low inequality in the HIES data are (1) the low participation rates of wealthy households in the household surveys, and (2) the widespread availability of well-targeted public and private transfers.
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dig-okr-1098692672024-08-08T17:06:11Z Azerbaijan’s Household Survey Data : Explaining Why Inequality is So Low Ersado, Lire AGGREGATE DATA CASH TRANSFERS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES DATA COLLECTION DATA QUALITY DEVELOPING WORLD EARNINGS INEQUALITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EQUALIZING EFFECT EXPENDITURE FOOD CONSUMPTION GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH RATE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME ON FOOD INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY ESTIMATES INEQUALITY INDICES INEQUALITY MEASURES LOW INCOME MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MEAN CONSUMPTION MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL INCOME 0 HYPOTHESIS OPPORTUNITY COST PENSION INCOME PENSIONS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY RESEARCH POOR POOR HOUSEHOLDS POSITIVE CORRELATION POVERTY ANALYSIS POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY RATES POVERTY SEVERITY PRIMARY SAMPLING UNITS PRIVATE TRANSFERS PSU QUESTIONNAIRES REGIONAL LEVEL REGIONAL LEVELS RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL TRANSFERS TARGETING TOTAL CONSUMPTION TOTAL INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS WEALTHY HOUSEHOLDS While the Azerbaijan household income and expenditure survey (HIES) data satisfy most empirical regularities expected in a typical household survey data, the inequality measures based on the data are unusually low. For example, for the latest three years for which we have data (2002 - 2004), the consumption Gini coefficient (the commonly used summary measure of inequality) is in the range of 16 - 18 percent. This is among the lowest Gini coefficients ever observed in any country, and is extremely low even with the standard of countries generally considered as most equal in the world. Azerbaijan, a transitional economy with a significant natural resource base, is unlikely to be the most equal country in the world. The objective of this paper is to investigate why inequality measures are unusually low in the Azerbaijan household survey data. The author presents a methodology for diagnosing and identifying the potential sources of low inequality in the data, including cluster analysis at the primary sampling unit level. The main inference from the findings of the cluster analysis is that the observed low inequality indices are not due to poor supervision of the interviewers and the data collection process. The author finds that the main culprits for the observed low inequality in the HIES data are (1) the low participation rates of wealthy households in the household surveys, and (2) the widespread availability of well-targeted public and private transfers. 2012-06-26T17:59:28Z 2012-06-26T17:59:28Z 2006-09 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/09/7063026/azerbaijans-household-survey-data-explaining-inequality-so-low https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9267 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4009 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, DC |
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Banco Mundial |
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Estados Unidos |
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US |
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Bibliográfico |
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En linea |
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biblioteca |
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America del Norte |
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Biblioteca del Banco Mundial |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
AGGREGATE DATA CASH TRANSFERS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES DATA COLLECTION DATA QUALITY DEVELOPING WORLD EARNINGS INEQUALITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EQUALIZING EFFECT EXPENDITURE FOOD CONSUMPTION GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH RATE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME ON FOOD INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY ESTIMATES INEQUALITY INDICES INEQUALITY MEASURES LOW INCOME MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MEAN CONSUMPTION MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL INCOME 0 HYPOTHESIS OPPORTUNITY COST PENSION INCOME PENSIONS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY RESEARCH POOR POOR HOUSEHOLDS POSITIVE CORRELATION POVERTY ANALYSIS POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY RATES POVERTY SEVERITY PRIMARY SAMPLING UNITS PRIVATE TRANSFERS PSU QUESTIONNAIRES REGIONAL LEVEL REGIONAL LEVELS RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL TRANSFERS TARGETING TOTAL CONSUMPTION TOTAL INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS WEALTHY HOUSEHOLDS AGGREGATE DATA CASH TRANSFERS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES DATA COLLECTION DATA QUALITY DEVELOPING WORLD EARNINGS INEQUALITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EQUALIZING EFFECT EXPENDITURE FOOD CONSUMPTION GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH RATE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME ON FOOD INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY ESTIMATES INEQUALITY INDICES INEQUALITY MEASURES LOW INCOME MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MEAN CONSUMPTION MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL INCOME 0 HYPOTHESIS OPPORTUNITY COST PENSION INCOME PENSIONS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY RESEARCH POOR POOR HOUSEHOLDS POSITIVE CORRELATION POVERTY ANALYSIS POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY RATES POVERTY SEVERITY PRIMARY SAMPLING UNITS PRIVATE TRANSFERS PSU QUESTIONNAIRES REGIONAL LEVEL REGIONAL LEVELS RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL TRANSFERS TARGETING TOTAL CONSUMPTION TOTAL INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS WEALTHY HOUSEHOLDS |
| spellingShingle |
AGGREGATE DATA CASH TRANSFERS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES DATA COLLECTION DATA QUALITY DEVELOPING WORLD EARNINGS INEQUALITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EQUALIZING EFFECT EXPENDITURE FOOD CONSUMPTION GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH RATE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME ON FOOD INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY ESTIMATES INEQUALITY INDICES INEQUALITY MEASURES LOW INCOME MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MEAN CONSUMPTION MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL INCOME 0 HYPOTHESIS OPPORTUNITY COST PENSION INCOME PENSIONS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY RESEARCH POOR POOR HOUSEHOLDS POSITIVE CORRELATION POVERTY ANALYSIS POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY RATES POVERTY SEVERITY PRIMARY SAMPLING UNITS PRIVATE TRANSFERS PSU QUESTIONNAIRES REGIONAL LEVEL REGIONAL LEVELS RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL TRANSFERS TARGETING TOTAL CONSUMPTION TOTAL INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS WEALTHY HOUSEHOLDS AGGREGATE DATA CASH TRANSFERS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES DATA COLLECTION DATA QUALITY DEVELOPING WORLD EARNINGS INEQUALITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EQUALIZING EFFECT EXPENDITURE FOOD CONSUMPTION GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH RATE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME ON FOOD INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY ESTIMATES INEQUALITY INDICES INEQUALITY MEASURES LOW INCOME MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MEAN CONSUMPTION MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL INCOME 0 HYPOTHESIS OPPORTUNITY COST PENSION INCOME PENSIONS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY RESEARCH POOR POOR HOUSEHOLDS POSITIVE CORRELATION POVERTY ANALYSIS POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY RATES POVERTY SEVERITY PRIMARY SAMPLING UNITS PRIVATE TRANSFERS PSU QUESTIONNAIRES REGIONAL LEVEL REGIONAL LEVELS RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL TRANSFERS TARGETING TOTAL CONSUMPTION TOTAL INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS WEALTHY HOUSEHOLDS Ersado, Lire Azerbaijan’s Household Survey Data : Explaining Why Inequality is So Low |
| description |
While the Azerbaijan household income and expenditure survey (HIES) data satisfy most empirical regularities expected in a typical household survey data, the inequality measures based on the data are unusually low. For example, for the latest three years for which we have data (2002 - 2004), the consumption Gini coefficient (the commonly used summary measure of inequality) is in the range of 16 - 18 percent. This is among the lowest Gini coefficients ever observed in any country, and is extremely low even with the standard of countries generally considered as most equal in the world. Azerbaijan, a transitional economy with a significant natural resource base, is unlikely to be the most equal country in the world. The objective of this paper is to investigate why inequality measures are unusually low in the Azerbaijan household survey data. The author presents a methodology for diagnosing and identifying the potential sources of low inequality in the data, including cluster analysis at the primary sampling unit level. The main inference from the findings of the cluster analysis is that the observed low inequality indices are not due to poor supervision of the interviewers and the data collection process. The author finds that the main culprits for the observed low inequality in the HIES data are (1) the low participation rates of wealthy households in the household surveys, and (2) the widespread availability of well-targeted public and private transfers. |
| topic_facet |
AGGREGATE DATA CASH TRANSFERS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES DATA COLLECTION DATA QUALITY DEVELOPING WORLD EARNINGS INEQUALITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EQUALIZING EFFECT EXPENDITURE FOOD CONSUMPTION GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH RATE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME ON FOOD INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY ESTIMATES INEQUALITY INDICES INEQUALITY MEASURES LOW INCOME MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MEAN CONSUMPTION MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL INCOME 0 HYPOTHESIS OPPORTUNITY COST PENSION INCOME PENSIONS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY RESEARCH POOR POOR HOUSEHOLDS POSITIVE CORRELATION POVERTY ANALYSIS POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY RATES POVERTY SEVERITY PRIMARY SAMPLING UNITS PRIVATE TRANSFERS PSU QUESTIONNAIRES REGIONAL LEVEL REGIONAL LEVELS RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL TRANSFERS TARGETING TOTAL CONSUMPTION TOTAL INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS WEALTHY HOUSEHOLDS |
| author |
Ersado, Lire |
| author_facet |
Ersado, Lire |
| author_sort |
Ersado, Lire |
| title |
Azerbaijan’s Household Survey Data : Explaining Why Inequality is So Low |
| title_short |
Azerbaijan’s Household Survey Data : Explaining Why Inequality is So Low |
| title_full |
Azerbaijan’s Household Survey Data : Explaining Why Inequality is So Low |
| title_fullStr |
Azerbaijan’s Household Survey Data : Explaining Why Inequality is So Low |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Azerbaijan’s Household Survey Data : Explaining Why Inequality is So Low |
| title_sort |
azerbaijan’s household survey data : explaining why inequality is so low |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2006-09 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/09/7063026/azerbaijans-household-survey-data-explaining-inequality-so-low https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9267 |
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