Tracking Basic Education Expenditure in Yemen : Analyses of Public Resource Management and Teacher Absenteeism

Yemen faces significant challenges in expanding access and promoting quality for improved educational outcomes. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods to provide recommendations for tracking public expenditure and improving service delivery in the basic education sector in Yemen. To this end, it documents the management of public resources in Yemen's education sector and potential inefficiencies in the use of these resources. This report, through its various components, revealed significant impediments-teacher deployment and salary payment, materials provision, student and teacher attendance, among others-on the path to improving education service delivery in Yemen. This study examines four main research issues related to Yemen's education sector: 1) leakage in the flow of funds, 2) compliance with financial management standards, 3) incentives to provide better quality services, and 4) teacher management issues. The study investigates the disparities and inconsistencies between formal regulations and informal practices in teacher deployment, wage payments, and resource allocations to schools. The study explores how absenteeism correlates with a wide range of potential determinants of the quality of education at the individual, facility, and national levels.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: World Bank
Language:English
en_US
Published: Washington, DC 2006-12
Subjects:ABSENTEEISM RATES, ACADEMIC YEAR, ACCESS RATE, ACCURATE INFORMATION, ACHIEVEMENTS, ADULT LITERACY, ADULT LITERACY RATE, AVAILABILITY OF TEXTBOOKS, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT, BASIC EDUCATION POLICY, BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR, BASIC EDUCATION STRATEGY, BASIC EDUCATION SYSTEM, BASIC SCHOOLS, BOARD OF DIRECTORS, CALL, CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, CIVIL SERVICE, CLASS SIZE, CLASSROOM, CLASSROOMS, COHORT SURVIVAL, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, COMPLETION RATES, COMPULSORY BASIC EDUCATION, CURRICULUM, DECISION MAKING, DELIVERY MECHANISMS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, DIPLOMAS, DISTRICT EDUCATION, DOUBLE SHIFT, DOUBLE SHIFTS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION EXPENDITURE, EDUCATION EXPENDITURES, EDUCATION FINANCE, EDUCATION FOR ALL, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATION OFFICES, EDUCATION OFFICIALS, EDUCATION PLANS, EDUCATION SERVICES, EDUCATION SPENDING, EDUCATION TARGETS, EDUCATIONAL ACCESS, EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL, EDUCATIONAL QUALITY, EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, EMPLOYMENT, ENROLLMENT EXPANSION, ENROLLMENT FIGURES, ENROLLMENT GROWTH, ENROLLMENT RATES, EQUITABLE EDUCATION, EXAMS, EXPENDITURES PER STUDENT, FEMALE ADULT ILLITERACY, FEMALE ENROLLMENT, FEMALE ENROLLMENT RATE, FEMALE ILLITERACY, FEMALE LITERACY, FEMALE LITERACY RATES, FEMALE STUDENTS, FEMALE TEACHER, FEMALE TEACHERS, FINAL EXAMS, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT, GENDER DISPARITIES, GENDER GAP, GENDER IMBALANCES, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GENDER PARITY, GENDER-SENSITIVE, GENERAL EDUCATION, GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION, GER, GHOST WORKERS, GIRLS, GROSS ENROLLMENT, GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE, GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES, HIGH RATES OF REPETITION, HIGHER GRADES, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ILLITERACY RATE, ILLITERACY RATES, INTAKE RATE, JOB SECURITY, LEARNING, LEARNING MATERIALS, LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES, LEARNING OUTCOMES, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LITERACY RATES, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, LOCAL LEVEL, LOCAL SCHOOLS, MINISTRIES OF FINANCE, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MONITORING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT, NEEDS ASSESSMENT, NUMBER OF SCHOOLS, NUMBER OF STUDENTS, NUMBER OF TEACHERS, NUMBER OF TEXTBOOKS, NUTRITION, OFFICIAL CURRICULUM, PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION, PER STUDENT EXPENDITURES, POOR PEOPLE, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING, PRIMARY COMPLETION, PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PROVISION OF TEXTBOOKS, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC FUNDS, PUBLIC SCHOOLING, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, QUALIFIED TEACHERS, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES, RECURRENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURES, REMOTE SCHOOLS, REPEATERS, RESEARCHERS, RETENTION RATES, RURAL AREAS, RURAL SCHOOLS, SCHOOL AFFAIRS, SCHOOL AUTONOMY, SCHOOL BUILDING, SCHOOL BUILDINGS, SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT, SCHOOL FACILITIES, SCHOOL FEES, SCHOOL FURNITURE, SCHOOL LEVEL, SCHOOL LEVELS, SCHOOL MAPPING, SCHOOL PERSONNEL, SCHOOL PRINCIPALS, SCHOOL RECORDS, SCHOOL SIZE, SCHOOL STUDENTS, SCHOOL SUPPLIES, SCHOOL SURVEY, SCHOOL SURVEYS, SCHOOL TIME, SCHOOL VISIT, SCHOOL YEAR, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLS, SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SERVICE TRAINING, SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES, STANDARDIZED TESTS, STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT, STUDENT ATTENDANCE, STUDENT ENROLLMENT, STUDENT EXPENDITURES, STUDENT-TEACHER RATIO, TEACHER, TEACHER ABSENTEEISM, TEACHER DEPLOYMENT, TEACHER DEVELOPMENT, TEACHER EMPLOYMENT, TEACHER HIRING, TEACHER MANAGEMENT, TEACHER PERFORMANCE, TEACHER QUALITY, TEACHER SELECTION, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHER WORKFORCE, TEACHERS, TEACHING, TEACHING FORCE, TEACHING PERSONNEL, TEACHING POSTS, TEXTBOOK, TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION, TEXTBOOK PROVISION, TEXTBOOKS, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY ENROLLMENT, UNIVERSITY DEGREE, UNIVERSITY DEGREE HOLDERS, UNIVERSITY DEGREES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN SCHOOLS, VISITS TO SCHOOLS,
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/12/15889902/tracking-basic-education-expenditure-yemen-analyses-public-resource-management-teacher-absenteeism
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/8156
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id dig-okr-109868156
record_format koha
institution Banco Mundial
collection DSpace
country Estados Unidos
countrycode US
component Bibliográfico
access En linea
databasecode dig-okr
tag biblioteca
region America del Norte
libraryname Biblioteca del Banco Mundial
language English
en_US
topic ABSENTEEISM RATES
ACADEMIC YEAR
ACCESS RATE
ACCURATE INFORMATION
ACHIEVEMENTS
ADULT LITERACY
ADULT LITERACY RATE
AVAILABILITY OF TEXTBOOKS
BASIC EDUCATION
BASIC EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT
BASIC EDUCATION POLICY
BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR
BASIC EDUCATION STRATEGY
BASIC EDUCATION SYSTEM
BASIC SCHOOLS
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
CALL
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
CIVIL SERVICE
CLASS SIZE
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOMS
COHORT SURVIVAL
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
COMPLETION RATES
COMPULSORY BASIC EDUCATION
CURRICULUM
DECISION MAKING
DELIVERY MECHANISMS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
DIPLOMAS
DISTRICT EDUCATION
DOUBLE SHIFT
DOUBLE SHIFTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
EDUCATION FINANCE
EDUCATION FOR ALL
EDUCATION LEVEL
EDUCATION OFFICES
EDUCATION OFFICIALS
EDUCATION PLANS
EDUCATION SERVICES
EDUCATION SPENDING
EDUCATION TARGETS
EDUCATIONAL ACCESS
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
EMPLOYMENT
ENROLLMENT EXPANSION
ENROLLMENT FIGURES
ENROLLMENT GROWTH
ENROLLMENT RATES
EQUITABLE EDUCATION
EXAMS
EXPENDITURES PER STUDENT
FEMALE ADULT ILLITERACY
FEMALE ENROLLMENT
FEMALE ENROLLMENT RATE
FEMALE ILLITERACY
FEMALE LITERACY
FEMALE LITERACY RATES
FEMALE STUDENTS
FEMALE TEACHER
FEMALE TEACHERS
FINAL EXAMS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
GENDER DISPARITIES
GENDER GAP
GENDER IMBALANCES
GENDER INEQUALITIES
GENDER PARITY
GENDER-SENSITIVE
GENERAL EDUCATION
GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION
GER
GHOST WORKERS
GIRLS
GROSS ENROLLMENT
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES
HIGH RATES OF REPETITION
HIGHER GRADES
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
ILLITERACY RATE
ILLITERACY RATES
INTAKE RATE
JOB SECURITY
LEARNING
LEARNING MATERIALS
LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LITERACY RATES
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
LOCAL LEVEL
LOCAL SCHOOLS
MINISTRIES OF FINANCE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MONITORING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
NEEDS ASSESSMENT
NUMBER OF SCHOOLS
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
NUMBER OF TEACHERS
NUMBER OF TEXTBOOKS
NUTRITION
OFFICIAL CURRICULUM
PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION
PER STUDENT EXPENDITURES
POOR PEOPLE
POVERTY REDUCTION
PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING
PRIMARY COMPLETION
PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE
PRIMARY SCHOOLING
PROVISION OF TEXTBOOKS
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
PUBLIC FUNDS
PUBLIC SCHOOLING
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
QUALIFIED TEACHERS
QUALITY OF EDUCATION
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
RECURRENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
REMOTE SCHOOLS
REPEATERS
RESEARCHERS
RETENTION RATES
RURAL AREAS
RURAL SCHOOLS
SCHOOL AFFAIRS
SCHOOL AUTONOMY
SCHOOL BUILDING
SCHOOL BUILDINGS
SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
SCHOOL FACILITIES
SCHOOL FEES
SCHOOL FURNITURE
SCHOOL LEVEL
SCHOOL LEVELS
SCHOOL MAPPING
SCHOOL PERSONNEL
SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
SCHOOL RECORDS
SCHOOL SIZE
SCHOOL STUDENTS
SCHOOL SUPPLIES
SCHOOL SURVEY
SCHOOL SURVEYS
SCHOOL TIME
SCHOOL VISIT
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
SERVICE TRAINING
SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES
STANDARDIZED TESTS
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ATTENDANCE
STUDENT ENROLLMENT
STUDENT EXPENDITURES
STUDENT-TEACHER RATIO
TEACHER
TEACHER ABSENTEEISM
TEACHER DEPLOYMENT
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER EMPLOYMENT
TEACHER HIRING
TEACHER MANAGEMENT
TEACHER PERFORMANCE
TEACHER QUALITY
TEACHER SELECTION
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER WORKFORCE
TEACHERS
TEACHING
TEACHING FORCE
TEACHING PERSONNEL
TEACHING POSTS
TEXTBOOK
TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION
TEXTBOOK PROVISION
TEXTBOOKS
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY ENROLLMENT
UNIVERSITY DEGREE
UNIVERSITY DEGREE HOLDERS
UNIVERSITY DEGREES
URBAN AREAS
URBAN SCHOOLS
VISITS TO SCHOOLS
ABSENTEEISM RATES
ACADEMIC YEAR
ACCESS RATE
ACCURATE INFORMATION
ACHIEVEMENTS
ADULT LITERACY
ADULT LITERACY RATE
AVAILABILITY OF TEXTBOOKS
BASIC EDUCATION
BASIC EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT
BASIC EDUCATION POLICY
BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR
BASIC EDUCATION STRATEGY
BASIC EDUCATION SYSTEM
BASIC SCHOOLS
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
CALL
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
CIVIL SERVICE
CLASS SIZE
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOMS
COHORT SURVIVAL
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
COMPLETION RATES
COMPULSORY BASIC EDUCATION
CURRICULUM
DECISION MAKING
DELIVERY MECHANISMS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
DIPLOMAS
DISTRICT EDUCATION
DOUBLE SHIFT
DOUBLE SHIFTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
EDUCATION FINANCE
EDUCATION FOR ALL
EDUCATION LEVEL
EDUCATION OFFICES
EDUCATION OFFICIALS
EDUCATION PLANS
EDUCATION SERVICES
EDUCATION SPENDING
EDUCATION TARGETS
EDUCATIONAL ACCESS
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
EMPLOYMENT
ENROLLMENT EXPANSION
ENROLLMENT FIGURES
ENROLLMENT GROWTH
ENROLLMENT RATES
EQUITABLE EDUCATION
EXAMS
EXPENDITURES PER STUDENT
FEMALE ADULT ILLITERACY
FEMALE ENROLLMENT
FEMALE ENROLLMENT RATE
FEMALE ILLITERACY
FEMALE LITERACY
FEMALE LITERACY RATES
FEMALE STUDENTS
FEMALE TEACHER
FEMALE TEACHERS
FINAL EXAMS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
GENDER DISPARITIES
GENDER GAP
GENDER IMBALANCES
GENDER INEQUALITIES
GENDER PARITY
GENDER-SENSITIVE
GENERAL EDUCATION
GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION
GER
GHOST WORKERS
GIRLS
GROSS ENROLLMENT
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES
HIGH RATES OF REPETITION
HIGHER GRADES
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
ILLITERACY RATE
ILLITERACY RATES
INTAKE RATE
JOB SECURITY
LEARNING
LEARNING MATERIALS
LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LITERACY RATES
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
LOCAL LEVEL
LOCAL SCHOOLS
MINISTRIES OF FINANCE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MONITORING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
NEEDS ASSESSMENT
NUMBER OF SCHOOLS
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
NUMBER OF TEACHERS
NUMBER OF TEXTBOOKS
NUTRITION
OFFICIAL CURRICULUM
PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION
PER STUDENT EXPENDITURES
POOR PEOPLE
POVERTY REDUCTION
PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING
PRIMARY COMPLETION
PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE
PRIMARY SCHOOLING
PROVISION OF TEXTBOOKS
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
PUBLIC FUNDS
PUBLIC SCHOOLING
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
QUALIFIED TEACHERS
QUALITY OF EDUCATION
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
RECURRENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
REMOTE SCHOOLS
REPEATERS
RESEARCHERS
RETENTION RATES
RURAL AREAS
RURAL SCHOOLS
SCHOOL AFFAIRS
SCHOOL AUTONOMY
SCHOOL BUILDING
SCHOOL BUILDINGS
SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
SCHOOL FACILITIES
SCHOOL FEES
SCHOOL FURNITURE
SCHOOL LEVEL
SCHOOL LEVELS
SCHOOL MAPPING
SCHOOL PERSONNEL
SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
SCHOOL RECORDS
SCHOOL SIZE
SCHOOL STUDENTS
SCHOOL SUPPLIES
SCHOOL SURVEY
SCHOOL SURVEYS
SCHOOL TIME
SCHOOL VISIT
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
SERVICE TRAINING
SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES
STANDARDIZED TESTS
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ATTENDANCE
STUDENT ENROLLMENT
STUDENT EXPENDITURES
STUDENT-TEACHER RATIO
TEACHER
TEACHER ABSENTEEISM
TEACHER DEPLOYMENT
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER EMPLOYMENT
TEACHER HIRING
TEACHER MANAGEMENT
TEACHER PERFORMANCE
TEACHER QUALITY
TEACHER SELECTION
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER WORKFORCE
TEACHERS
TEACHING
TEACHING FORCE
TEACHING PERSONNEL
TEACHING POSTS
TEXTBOOK
TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION
TEXTBOOK PROVISION
TEXTBOOKS
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY ENROLLMENT
UNIVERSITY DEGREE
UNIVERSITY DEGREE HOLDERS
UNIVERSITY DEGREES
URBAN AREAS
URBAN SCHOOLS
VISITS TO SCHOOLS
spellingShingle ABSENTEEISM RATES
ACADEMIC YEAR
ACCESS RATE
ACCURATE INFORMATION
ACHIEVEMENTS
ADULT LITERACY
ADULT LITERACY RATE
AVAILABILITY OF TEXTBOOKS
BASIC EDUCATION
BASIC EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT
BASIC EDUCATION POLICY
BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR
BASIC EDUCATION STRATEGY
BASIC EDUCATION SYSTEM
BASIC SCHOOLS
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
CALL
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
CIVIL SERVICE
CLASS SIZE
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOMS
COHORT SURVIVAL
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
COMPLETION RATES
COMPULSORY BASIC EDUCATION
CURRICULUM
DECISION MAKING
DELIVERY MECHANISMS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
DIPLOMAS
DISTRICT EDUCATION
DOUBLE SHIFT
DOUBLE SHIFTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
EDUCATION FINANCE
EDUCATION FOR ALL
EDUCATION LEVEL
EDUCATION OFFICES
EDUCATION OFFICIALS
EDUCATION PLANS
EDUCATION SERVICES
EDUCATION SPENDING
EDUCATION TARGETS
EDUCATIONAL ACCESS
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
EMPLOYMENT
ENROLLMENT EXPANSION
ENROLLMENT FIGURES
ENROLLMENT GROWTH
ENROLLMENT RATES
EQUITABLE EDUCATION
EXAMS
EXPENDITURES PER STUDENT
FEMALE ADULT ILLITERACY
FEMALE ENROLLMENT
FEMALE ENROLLMENT RATE
FEMALE ILLITERACY
FEMALE LITERACY
FEMALE LITERACY RATES
FEMALE STUDENTS
FEMALE TEACHER
FEMALE TEACHERS
FINAL EXAMS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
GENDER DISPARITIES
GENDER GAP
GENDER IMBALANCES
GENDER INEQUALITIES
GENDER PARITY
GENDER-SENSITIVE
GENERAL EDUCATION
GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION
GER
GHOST WORKERS
GIRLS
GROSS ENROLLMENT
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES
HIGH RATES OF REPETITION
HIGHER GRADES
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
ILLITERACY RATE
ILLITERACY RATES
INTAKE RATE
JOB SECURITY
LEARNING
LEARNING MATERIALS
LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LITERACY RATES
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
LOCAL LEVEL
LOCAL SCHOOLS
MINISTRIES OF FINANCE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MONITORING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
NEEDS ASSESSMENT
NUMBER OF SCHOOLS
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
NUMBER OF TEACHERS
NUMBER OF TEXTBOOKS
NUTRITION
OFFICIAL CURRICULUM
PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION
PER STUDENT EXPENDITURES
POOR PEOPLE
POVERTY REDUCTION
PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING
PRIMARY COMPLETION
PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE
PRIMARY SCHOOLING
PROVISION OF TEXTBOOKS
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
PUBLIC FUNDS
PUBLIC SCHOOLING
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
QUALIFIED TEACHERS
QUALITY OF EDUCATION
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
RECURRENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
REMOTE SCHOOLS
REPEATERS
RESEARCHERS
RETENTION RATES
RURAL AREAS
RURAL SCHOOLS
SCHOOL AFFAIRS
SCHOOL AUTONOMY
SCHOOL BUILDING
SCHOOL BUILDINGS
SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
SCHOOL FACILITIES
SCHOOL FEES
SCHOOL FURNITURE
SCHOOL LEVEL
SCHOOL LEVELS
SCHOOL MAPPING
SCHOOL PERSONNEL
SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
SCHOOL RECORDS
SCHOOL SIZE
SCHOOL STUDENTS
SCHOOL SUPPLIES
SCHOOL SURVEY
SCHOOL SURVEYS
SCHOOL TIME
SCHOOL VISIT
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
SERVICE TRAINING
SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES
STANDARDIZED TESTS
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ATTENDANCE
STUDENT ENROLLMENT
STUDENT EXPENDITURES
STUDENT-TEACHER RATIO
TEACHER
TEACHER ABSENTEEISM
TEACHER DEPLOYMENT
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER EMPLOYMENT
TEACHER HIRING
TEACHER MANAGEMENT
TEACHER PERFORMANCE
TEACHER QUALITY
TEACHER SELECTION
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER WORKFORCE
TEACHERS
TEACHING
TEACHING FORCE
TEACHING PERSONNEL
TEACHING POSTS
TEXTBOOK
TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION
TEXTBOOK PROVISION
TEXTBOOKS
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY ENROLLMENT
UNIVERSITY DEGREE
UNIVERSITY DEGREE HOLDERS
UNIVERSITY DEGREES
URBAN AREAS
URBAN SCHOOLS
VISITS TO SCHOOLS
ABSENTEEISM RATES
ACADEMIC YEAR
ACCESS RATE
ACCURATE INFORMATION
ACHIEVEMENTS
ADULT LITERACY
ADULT LITERACY RATE
AVAILABILITY OF TEXTBOOKS
BASIC EDUCATION
BASIC EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT
BASIC EDUCATION POLICY
BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR
BASIC EDUCATION STRATEGY
BASIC EDUCATION SYSTEM
BASIC SCHOOLS
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
CALL
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
CIVIL SERVICE
CLASS SIZE
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOMS
COHORT SURVIVAL
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
COMPLETION RATES
COMPULSORY BASIC EDUCATION
CURRICULUM
DECISION MAKING
DELIVERY MECHANISMS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
DIPLOMAS
DISTRICT EDUCATION
DOUBLE SHIFT
DOUBLE SHIFTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
EDUCATION FINANCE
EDUCATION FOR ALL
EDUCATION LEVEL
EDUCATION OFFICES
EDUCATION OFFICIALS
EDUCATION PLANS
EDUCATION SERVICES
EDUCATION SPENDING
EDUCATION TARGETS
EDUCATIONAL ACCESS
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
EMPLOYMENT
ENROLLMENT EXPANSION
ENROLLMENT FIGURES
ENROLLMENT GROWTH
ENROLLMENT RATES
EQUITABLE EDUCATION
EXAMS
EXPENDITURES PER STUDENT
FEMALE ADULT ILLITERACY
FEMALE ENROLLMENT
FEMALE ENROLLMENT RATE
FEMALE ILLITERACY
FEMALE LITERACY
FEMALE LITERACY RATES
FEMALE STUDENTS
FEMALE TEACHER
FEMALE TEACHERS
FINAL EXAMS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
GENDER DISPARITIES
GENDER GAP
GENDER IMBALANCES
GENDER INEQUALITIES
GENDER PARITY
GENDER-SENSITIVE
GENERAL EDUCATION
GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION
GER
GHOST WORKERS
GIRLS
GROSS ENROLLMENT
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES
HIGH RATES OF REPETITION
HIGHER GRADES
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
ILLITERACY RATE
ILLITERACY RATES
INTAKE RATE
JOB SECURITY
LEARNING
LEARNING MATERIALS
LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LITERACY RATES
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
LOCAL LEVEL
LOCAL SCHOOLS
MINISTRIES OF FINANCE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MONITORING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
NEEDS ASSESSMENT
NUMBER OF SCHOOLS
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
NUMBER OF TEACHERS
NUMBER OF TEXTBOOKS
NUTRITION
OFFICIAL CURRICULUM
PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION
PER STUDENT EXPENDITURES
POOR PEOPLE
POVERTY REDUCTION
PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING
PRIMARY COMPLETION
PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE
PRIMARY SCHOOLING
PROVISION OF TEXTBOOKS
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
PUBLIC FUNDS
PUBLIC SCHOOLING
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
QUALIFIED TEACHERS
QUALITY OF EDUCATION
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
RECURRENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
REMOTE SCHOOLS
REPEATERS
RESEARCHERS
RETENTION RATES
RURAL AREAS
RURAL SCHOOLS
SCHOOL AFFAIRS
SCHOOL AUTONOMY
SCHOOL BUILDING
SCHOOL BUILDINGS
SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
SCHOOL FACILITIES
SCHOOL FEES
SCHOOL FURNITURE
SCHOOL LEVEL
SCHOOL LEVELS
SCHOOL MAPPING
SCHOOL PERSONNEL
SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
SCHOOL RECORDS
SCHOOL SIZE
SCHOOL STUDENTS
SCHOOL SUPPLIES
SCHOOL SURVEY
SCHOOL SURVEYS
SCHOOL TIME
SCHOOL VISIT
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
SERVICE TRAINING
SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES
STANDARDIZED TESTS
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ATTENDANCE
STUDENT ENROLLMENT
STUDENT EXPENDITURES
STUDENT-TEACHER RATIO
TEACHER
TEACHER ABSENTEEISM
TEACHER DEPLOYMENT
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER EMPLOYMENT
TEACHER HIRING
TEACHER MANAGEMENT
TEACHER PERFORMANCE
TEACHER QUALITY
TEACHER SELECTION
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER WORKFORCE
TEACHERS
TEACHING
TEACHING FORCE
TEACHING PERSONNEL
TEACHING POSTS
TEXTBOOK
TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION
TEXTBOOK PROVISION
TEXTBOOKS
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY ENROLLMENT
UNIVERSITY DEGREE
UNIVERSITY DEGREE HOLDERS
UNIVERSITY DEGREES
URBAN AREAS
URBAN SCHOOLS
VISITS TO SCHOOLS
World Bank
Tracking Basic Education Expenditure in Yemen : Analyses of Public Resource Management and Teacher Absenteeism
description Yemen faces significant challenges in expanding access and promoting quality for improved educational outcomes. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods to provide recommendations for tracking public expenditure and improving service delivery in the basic education sector in Yemen. To this end, it documents the management of public resources in Yemen's education sector and potential inefficiencies in the use of these resources. This report, through its various components, revealed significant impediments-teacher deployment and salary payment, materials provision, student and teacher attendance, among others-on the path to improving education service delivery in Yemen. This study examines four main research issues related to Yemen's education sector: 1) leakage in the flow of funds, 2) compliance with financial management standards, 3) incentives to provide better quality services, and 4) teacher management issues. The study investigates the disparities and inconsistencies between formal regulations and informal practices in teacher deployment, wage payments, and resource allocations to schools. The study explores how absenteeism correlates with a wide range of potential determinants of the quality of education at the individual, facility, and national levels.
topic_facet ABSENTEEISM RATES
ACADEMIC YEAR
ACCESS RATE
ACCURATE INFORMATION
ACHIEVEMENTS
ADULT LITERACY
ADULT LITERACY RATE
AVAILABILITY OF TEXTBOOKS
BASIC EDUCATION
BASIC EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT
BASIC EDUCATION POLICY
BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR
BASIC EDUCATION STRATEGY
BASIC EDUCATION SYSTEM
BASIC SCHOOLS
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
CALL
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
CIVIL SERVICE
CLASS SIZE
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOMS
COHORT SURVIVAL
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
COMPLETION RATES
COMPULSORY BASIC EDUCATION
CURRICULUM
DECISION MAKING
DELIVERY MECHANISMS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
DIPLOMAS
DISTRICT EDUCATION
DOUBLE SHIFT
DOUBLE SHIFTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
EDUCATION FINANCE
EDUCATION FOR ALL
EDUCATION LEVEL
EDUCATION OFFICES
EDUCATION OFFICIALS
EDUCATION PLANS
EDUCATION SERVICES
EDUCATION SPENDING
EDUCATION TARGETS
EDUCATIONAL ACCESS
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
EMPLOYMENT
ENROLLMENT EXPANSION
ENROLLMENT FIGURES
ENROLLMENT GROWTH
ENROLLMENT RATES
EQUITABLE EDUCATION
EXAMS
EXPENDITURES PER STUDENT
FEMALE ADULT ILLITERACY
FEMALE ENROLLMENT
FEMALE ENROLLMENT RATE
FEMALE ILLITERACY
FEMALE LITERACY
FEMALE LITERACY RATES
FEMALE STUDENTS
FEMALE TEACHER
FEMALE TEACHERS
FINAL EXAMS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
GENDER DISPARITIES
GENDER GAP
GENDER IMBALANCES
GENDER INEQUALITIES
GENDER PARITY
GENDER-SENSITIVE
GENERAL EDUCATION
GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION
GER
GHOST WORKERS
GIRLS
GROSS ENROLLMENT
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES
HIGH RATES OF REPETITION
HIGHER GRADES
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
ILLITERACY RATE
ILLITERACY RATES
INTAKE RATE
JOB SECURITY
LEARNING
LEARNING MATERIALS
LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LITERACY RATES
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
LOCAL LEVEL
LOCAL SCHOOLS
MINISTRIES OF FINANCE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MONITORING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
NEEDS ASSESSMENT
NUMBER OF SCHOOLS
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
NUMBER OF TEACHERS
NUMBER OF TEXTBOOKS
NUTRITION
OFFICIAL CURRICULUM
PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION
PER STUDENT EXPENDITURES
POOR PEOPLE
POVERTY REDUCTION
PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING
PRIMARY COMPLETION
PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE
PRIMARY SCHOOLING
PROVISION OF TEXTBOOKS
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
PUBLIC FUNDS
PUBLIC SCHOOLING
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
QUALIFIED TEACHERS
QUALITY OF EDUCATION
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
RECURRENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
REMOTE SCHOOLS
REPEATERS
RESEARCHERS
RETENTION RATES
RURAL AREAS
RURAL SCHOOLS
SCHOOL AFFAIRS
SCHOOL AUTONOMY
SCHOOL BUILDING
SCHOOL BUILDINGS
SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
SCHOOL FACILITIES
SCHOOL FEES
SCHOOL FURNITURE
SCHOOL LEVEL
SCHOOL LEVELS
SCHOOL MAPPING
SCHOOL PERSONNEL
SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
SCHOOL RECORDS
SCHOOL SIZE
SCHOOL STUDENTS
SCHOOL SUPPLIES
SCHOOL SURVEY
SCHOOL SURVEYS
SCHOOL TIME
SCHOOL VISIT
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
SERVICE TRAINING
SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES
STANDARDIZED TESTS
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ATTENDANCE
STUDENT ENROLLMENT
STUDENT EXPENDITURES
STUDENT-TEACHER RATIO
TEACHER
TEACHER ABSENTEEISM
TEACHER DEPLOYMENT
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER EMPLOYMENT
TEACHER HIRING
TEACHER MANAGEMENT
TEACHER PERFORMANCE
TEACHER QUALITY
TEACHER SELECTION
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER WORKFORCE
TEACHERS
TEACHING
TEACHING FORCE
TEACHING PERSONNEL
TEACHING POSTS
TEXTBOOK
TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION
TEXTBOOK PROVISION
TEXTBOOKS
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY ENROLLMENT
UNIVERSITY DEGREE
UNIVERSITY DEGREE HOLDERS
UNIVERSITY DEGREES
URBAN AREAS
URBAN SCHOOLS
VISITS TO SCHOOLS
author World Bank
author_facet World Bank
author_sort World Bank
title Tracking Basic Education Expenditure in Yemen : Analyses of Public Resource Management and Teacher Absenteeism
title_short Tracking Basic Education Expenditure in Yemen : Analyses of Public Resource Management and Teacher Absenteeism
title_full Tracking Basic Education Expenditure in Yemen : Analyses of Public Resource Management and Teacher Absenteeism
title_fullStr Tracking Basic Education Expenditure in Yemen : Analyses of Public Resource Management and Teacher Absenteeism
title_full_unstemmed Tracking Basic Education Expenditure in Yemen : Analyses of Public Resource Management and Teacher Absenteeism
title_sort tracking basic education expenditure in yemen : analyses of public resource management and teacher absenteeism
publisher Washington, DC
publishDate 2006-12
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/12/15889902/tracking-basic-education-expenditure-yemen-analyses-public-resource-management-teacher-absenteeism
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/8156
work_keys_str_mv AT worldbank trackingbasiceducationexpenditureinyemenanalysesofpublicresourcemanagementandteacherabsenteeism
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spelling dig-okr-1098681562024-08-08T15:21:12Z Tracking Basic Education Expenditure in Yemen : Analyses of Public Resource Management and Teacher Absenteeism World Bank ABSENTEEISM RATES ACADEMIC YEAR ACCESS RATE ACCURATE INFORMATION ACHIEVEMENTS ADULT LITERACY ADULT LITERACY RATE AVAILABILITY OF TEXTBOOKS BASIC EDUCATION BASIC EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT BASIC EDUCATION POLICY BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR BASIC EDUCATION STRATEGY BASIC EDUCATION SYSTEM BASIC SCHOOLS BOARD OF DIRECTORS CALL CAPITAL EXPENDITURES CIVIL SERVICE CLASS SIZE CLASSROOM CLASSROOMS COHORT SURVIVAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION COMPLETION RATES COMPULSORY BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM DECISION MAKING DELIVERY MECHANISMS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT GOALS DIPLOMAS DISTRICT EDUCATION DOUBLE SHIFT DOUBLE SHIFTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATION EXPENDITURE EDUCATION EXPENDITURES EDUCATION FINANCE EDUCATION FOR ALL EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION OFFICES EDUCATION OFFICIALS EDUCATION PLANS EDUCATION SERVICES EDUCATION SPENDING EDUCATION TARGETS EDUCATIONAL ACCESS EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL EDUCATIONAL QUALITY EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM EMPLOYMENT ENROLLMENT EXPANSION ENROLLMENT FIGURES ENROLLMENT GROWTH ENROLLMENT RATES EQUITABLE EDUCATION EXAMS EXPENDITURES PER STUDENT FEMALE ADULT ILLITERACY FEMALE ENROLLMENT FEMALE ENROLLMENT RATE FEMALE ILLITERACY FEMALE LITERACY FEMALE LITERACY RATES FEMALE STUDENTS FEMALE TEACHER FEMALE TEACHERS FINAL EXAMS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT GENDER DISPARITIES GENDER GAP GENDER IMBALANCES GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER PARITY GENDER-SENSITIVE GENERAL EDUCATION GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION GER GHOST WORKERS GIRLS GROSS ENROLLMENT GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES HIGH RATES OF REPETITION HIGHER GRADES HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ILLITERACY RATE ILLITERACY RATES INTAKE RATE JOB SECURITY LEARNING LEARNING MATERIALS LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY RATES LOCAL AUTHORITIES LOCAL LEVEL LOCAL SCHOOLS MINISTRIES OF FINANCE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MONITORING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT NEEDS ASSESSMENT NUMBER OF SCHOOLS NUMBER OF STUDENTS NUMBER OF TEACHERS NUMBER OF TEXTBOOKS NUTRITION OFFICIAL CURRICULUM PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION PER STUDENT EXPENDITURES POOR PEOPLE POVERTY REDUCTION PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING PRIMARY COMPLETION PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE PRIMARY SCHOOLING PROVISION OF TEXTBOOKS PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC FUNDS PUBLIC SCHOOLING PUBLIC SCHOOLS QUALIFIED TEACHERS QUALITY OF EDUCATION RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES RECURRENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURES REMOTE SCHOOLS REPEATERS RESEARCHERS RETENTION RATES RURAL AREAS RURAL SCHOOLS SCHOOL AFFAIRS SCHOOL AUTONOMY SCHOOL BUILDING SCHOOL BUILDINGS SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT SCHOOL FACILITIES SCHOOL FEES SCHOOL FURNITURE SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL LEVELS SCHOOL MAPPING SCHOOL PERSONNEL SCHOOL PRINCIPALS SCHOOL RECORDS SCHOOL SIZE SCHOOL STUDENTS SCHOOL SUPPLIES SCHOOL SURVEY SCHOOL SURVEYS SCHOOL TIME SCHOOL VISIT SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLS SERVICE TRAINING SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES STANDARDIZED TESTS STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT STUDENT ATTENDANCE STUDENT ENROLLMENT STUDENT EXPENDITURES STUDENT-TEACHER RATIO TEACHER TEACHER ABSENTEEISM TEACHER DEPLOYMENT TEACHER DEVELOPMENT TEACHER EMPLOYMENT TEACHER HIRING TEACHER MANAGEMENT TEACHER PERFORMANCE TEACHER QUALITY TEACHER SELECTION TEACHER TRAINING TEACHER WORKFORCE TEACHERS TEACHING TEACHING FORCE TEACHING PERSONNEL TEACHING POSTS TEXTBOOK TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION TEXTBOOK PROVISION TEXTBOOKS UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UNIVERSAL PRIMARY ENROLLMENT UNIVERSITY DEGREE UNIVERSITY DEGREE HOLDERS UNIVERSITY DEGREES URBAN AREAS URBAN SCHOOLS VISITS TO SCHOOLS Yemen faces significant challenges in expanding access and promoting quality for improved educational outcomes. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods to provide recommendations for tracking public expenditure and improving service delivery in the basic education sector in Yemen. To this end, it documents the management of public resources in Yemen's education sector and potential inefficiencies in the use of these resources. This report, through its various components, revealed significant impediments-teacher deployment and salary payment, materials provision, student and teacher attendance, among others-on the path to improving education service delivery in Yemen. This study examines four main research issues related to Yemen's education sector: 1) leakage in the flow of funds, 2) compliance with financial management standards, 3) incentives to provide better quality services, and 4) teacher management issues. The study investigates the disparities and inconsistencies between formal regulations and informal practices in teacher deployment, wage payments, and resource allocations to schools. The study explores how absenteeism correlates with a wide range of potential determinants of the quality of education at the individual, facility, and national levels. 2012-06-15T16:10:44Z 2012-06-15T16:10:44Z 2006-12 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/12/15889902/tracking-basic-education-expenditure-yemen-analyses-public-resource-management-teacher-absenteeism https://hdl.handle.net/10986/8156 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain Washington, DC