Cote d’Ivoire : From Success to Failure - A Story of Growth, Specialization, and the Terms of Trade
Real GDP per capita and capital stock in Cote d'Ivoire grew strongly from 1960 to 1979, but have declined ever since, for twenty-five years. As a result, the country has traveled a full circle from economic success to failure in little more than a generation. What are the long-term factors behind this dismal growth story? Are the Ivorian development problems mostly of recent origin? Or there are more fundamental, economic factors that explain its long term performance? Four principal conclusions are as follows: First, Cote d'Ivoire's long-term growth performance is not fully explained by temporary factors (e.g., CFA overvaluation or recent conflict). Longer term factors such as capital accumulation, productivity, and terms of trade are key to understanding the country's performance as is the policy of specialization in a single commodity--cocoa. Second, the long-term decline in per capita output started well before the currency overvaluation, and at a time of political stability, and is related to a major, secular deterioration in terms of trade that started after 1976. Third, total factor productivity estimates indicate that TFP per capita also grew until it hit a plateau in 1976-78, and then shrank thereafter, despite gains in human capital accumulation. Fourth, Cote d'Ivoire has pursued a policy of specialization in cocoa beans but this bet on a single commodity has ultimately failed. The strategy that brought prosperity during the 1970s resulted in a growth failure when cocoa prices began declining since 1976.
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dig-okr-109867655 |
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koha |
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Banco Mundial |
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En linea |
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English |
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ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURE ARREARS AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENCHMARKS CALCULATIONS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL COST CAPITAL FORMATION CAPITAL GOODS CAPITAL GROWTH CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL STOCK CAPITAL STOCK GROWTH CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL TIMES CENTRAL BANK CIVIL WAR COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXCHANGES COMMODITY EXPORTS COMMODITY PRICE COMMODITY PRICES COMPETITIVENESS CONSTANT RETURNS CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE CONSUMER CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS CURRENCY CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE DEMOGRAPHIC DEPRECIATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIVERSIFICATION DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY ECONOMIC SUCCESS ECONOMIC TRENDS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY ENROLLMENT EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPECTED VALUE EXPECTED VALUES EXPORTS FACTOR ACCUMULATION FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FARMERS FUNCTIONAL FORM FUNCTIONAL FORMS FUTURES GDP PER CAPITA GENDER GENDER EQUALITY GENERAL POPULATION GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL MARKET GNP GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATE OF OUTPUT GROWTH RATES HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOMES INFLATION INITIAL CAPITAL INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL PRICES INVENTORY INVESTMENT EXPENSES LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE GROWTH LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LAND USE LARGE COMPANIES LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LOCAL CURRENCY MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE MARGINAL PRODUCT MARKET PERFORMANCE MARKET SHARE MARKETING MODEL OF GROWTH NATIONAL INCOME OVERVALUATION PER CAPITA INCOME PHYSICAL CAPITAL POLITICAL STABILITY POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES PRICE DECLINES PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE LEVEL PRICE LEVELS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTION INCREASES PRODUCTION INPUTS PRODUCTIVITY PROSPERITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC EXPENDITURES RAPID POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF GROWTH RATE OF RETURN RATES OF GROWTH RE-INVESTMENT REAL EXCHANGE RATES REAL GDP REAL GROWTH RATES RECEIPTS REFUGEES REGIONAL TRADE REGRESSION ANALYSIS SHARE OF OUTPUT SHARE OF WORLD OUTPUT SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUNK COSTS TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS TFP TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS TOTAL OUTPUT UNEMPLOYMENT UNION URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATION URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLATILITY WAGE WORK FORCE WORLD ECONOMY WORLD MARKET WORLD MARKETS ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURE ARREARS AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENCHMARKS CALCULATIONS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL COST CAPITAL FORMATION CAPITAL GOODS CAPITAL GROWTH CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL STOCK CAPITAL STOCK GROWTH CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL TIMES CENTRAL BANK CIVIL WAR COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXCHANGES COMMODITY EXPORTS COMMODITY PRICE COMMODITY PRICES COMPETITIVENESS CONSTANT RETURNS CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE CONSUMER CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS CURRENCY CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE DEMOGRAPHIC DEPRECIATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIVERSIFICATION DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY ECONOMIC SUCCESS ECONOMIC TRENDS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY ENROLLMENT EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPECTED VALUE EXPECTED VALUES EXPORTS FACTOR ACCUMULATION FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FARMERS FUNCTIONAL FORM FUNCTIONAL FORMS FUTURES GDP PER CAPITA GENDER GENDER EQUALITY GENERAL POPULATION GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL MARKET GNP GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATE OF OUTPUT GROWTH RATES HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOMES INFLATION INITIAL CAPITAL INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL PRICES INVENTORY INVESTMENT EXPENSES LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE GROWTH LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LAND USE LARGE COMPANIES LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LOCAL CURRENCY MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE MARGINAL PRODUCT MARKET PERFORMANCE MARKET SHARE MARKETING MODEL OF GROWTH NATIONAL INCOME OVERVALUATION PER CAPITA INCOME PHYSICAL CAPITAL POLITICAL STABILITY POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES PRICE DECLINES PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE LEVEL PRICE LEVELS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTION INCREASES PRODUCTION INPUTS PRODUCTIVITY PROSPERITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC EXPENDITURES RAPID POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF GROWTH RATE OF RETURN RATES OF GROWTH RE-INVESTMENT REAL EXCHANGE RATES REAL GDP REAL GROWTH RATES RECEIPTS REFUGEES REGIONAL TRADE REGRESSION ANALYSIS SHARE OF OUTPUT SHARE OF WORLD OUTPUT SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUNK COSTS TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS TFP TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS TOTAL OUTPUT UNEMPLOYMENT UNION URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATION URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLATILITY WAGE WORK FORCE WORLD ECONOMY WORLD MARKET WORLD MARKETS |
| spellingShingle |
ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURE ARREARS AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENCHMARKS CALCULATIONS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL COST CAPITAL FORMATION CAPITAL GOODS CAPITAL GROWTH CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL STOCK CAPITAL STOCK GROWTH CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL TIMES CENTRAL BANK CIVIL WAR COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXCHANGES COMMODITY EXPORTS COMMODITY PRICE COMMODITY PRICES COMPETITIVENESS CONSTANT RETURNS CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE CONSUMER CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS CURRENCY CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE DEMOGRAPHIC DEPRECIATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIVERSIFICATION DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY ECONOMIC SUCCESS ECONOMIC TRENDS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY ENROLLMENT EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPECTED VALUE EXPECTED VALUES EXPORTS FACTOR ACCUMULATION FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FARMERS FUNCTIONAL FORM FUNCTIONAL FORMS FUTURES GDP PER CAPITA GENDER GENDER EQUALITY GENERAL POPULATION GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL MARKET GNP GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATE OF OUTPUT GROWTH RATES HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOMES INFLATION INITIAL CAPITAL INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL PRICES INVENTORY INVESTMENT EXPENSES LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE GROWTH LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LAND USE LARGE COMPANIES LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LOCAL CURRENCY MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE MARGINAL PRODUCT MARKET PERFORMANCE MARKET SHARE MARKETING MODEL OF GROWTH NATIONAL INCOME OVERVALUATION PER CAPITA INCOME PHYSICAL CAPITAL POLITICAL STABILITY POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES PRICE DECLINES PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE LEVEL PRICE LEVELS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTION INCREASES PRODUCTION INPUTS PRODUCTIVITY PROSPERITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC EXPENDITURES RAPID POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF GROWTH RATE OF RETURN RATES OF GROWTH RE-INVESTMENT REAL EXCHANGE RATES REAL GDP REAL GROWTH RATES RECEIPTS REFUGEES REGIONAL TRADE REGRESSION ANALYSIS SHARE OF OUTPUT SHARE OF WORLD OUTPUT SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUNK COSTS TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS TFP TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS TOTAL OUTPUT UNEMPLOYMENT UNION URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATION URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLATILITY WAGE WORK FORCE WORLD ECONOMY WORLD MARKET WORLD MARKETS ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURE ARREARS AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENCHMARKS CALCULATIONS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL COST CAPITAL FORMATION CAPITAL GOODS CAPITAL GROWTH CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL STOCK CAPITAL STOCK GROWTH CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL TIMES CENTRAL BANK CIVIL WAR COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXCHANGES COMMODITY EXPORTS COMMODITY PRICE COMMODITY PRICES COMPETITIVENESS CONSTANT RETURNS CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE CONSUMER CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS CURRENCY CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE DEMOGRAPHIC DEPRECIATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIVERSIFICATION DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY ECONOMIC SUCCESS ECONOMIC TRENDS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY ENROLLMENT EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPECTED VALUE EXPECTED VALUES EXPORTS FACTOR ACCUMULATION FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FARMERS FUNCTIONAL FORM FUNCTIONAL FORMS FUTURES GDP PER CAPITA GENDER GENDER EQUALITY GENERAL POPULATION GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL MARKET GNP GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATE OF OUTPUT GROWTH RATES HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOMES INFLATION INITIAL CAPITAL INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL PRICES INVENTORY INVESTMENT EXPENSES LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE GROWTH LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LAND USE LARGE COMPANIES LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LOCAL CURRENCY MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE MARGINAL PRODUCT MARKET PERFORMANCE MARKET SHARE MARKETING MODEL OF GROWTH NATIONAL INCOME OVERVALUATION PER CAPITA INCOME PHYSICAL CAPITAL POLITICAL STABILITY POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES PRICE DECLINES PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE LEVEL PRICE LEVELS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTION INCREASES PRODUCTION INPUTS PRODUCTIVITY PROSPERITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC EXPENDITURES RAPID POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF GROWTH RATE OF RETURN RATES OF GROWTH RE-INVESTMENT REAL EXCHANGE RATES REAL GDP REAL GROWTH RATES RECEIPTS REFUGEES REGIONAL TRADE REGRESSION ANALYSIS SHARE OF OUTPUT SHARE OF WORLD OUTPUT SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUNK COSTS TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS TFP TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS TOTAL OUTPUT UNEMPLOYMENT UNION URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATION URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLATILITY WAGE WORK FORCE WORLD ECONOMY WORLD MARKET WORLD MARKETS Bogetic, Zeljko Noer, John Espina, Carlos Cote d’Ivoire : From Success to Failure - A Story of Growth, Specialization, and the Terms of Trade |
| description |
Real GDP per capita and capital stock in
Cote d'Ivoire grew strongly from 1960 to 1979, but have
declined ever since, for twenty-five years. As a result, the
country has traveled a full circle from economic success to
failure in little more than a generation. What are the
long-term factors behind this dismal growth story? Are the
Ivorian development problems mostly of recent origin? Or
there are more fundamental, economic factors that explain
its long term performance? Four principal conclusions are as
follows: First, Cote d'Ivoire's long-term growth
performance is not fully explained by temporary factors
(e.g., CFA overvaluation or recent conflict). Longer term
factors such as capital accumulation, productivity, and
terms of trade are key to understanding the country's
performance as is the policy of specialization in a single
commodity--cocoa. Second, the long-term decline in per
capita output started well before the currency
overvaluation, and at a time of political stability, and is
related to a major, secular deterioration in terms of trade
that started after 1976. Third, total factor productivity
estimates indicate that TFP per capita also grew until it
hit a plateau in 1976-78, and then shrank thereafter,
despite gains in human capital accumulation. Fourth, Cote
d'Ivoire has pursued a policy of specialization in
cocoa beans but this bet on a single commodity has
ultimately failed. The strategy that brought prosperity
during the 1970s resulted in a growth failure when cocoa
prices began declining since 1976. |
| topic_facet |
ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURE ARREARS AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENCHMARKS CALCULATIONS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL COST CAPITAL FORMATION CAPITAL GOODS CAPITAL GROWTH CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL STOCK CAPITAL STOCK GROWTH CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL TIMES CENTRAL BANK CIVIL WAR COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXCHANGES COMMODITY EXPORTS COMMODITY PRICE COMMODITY PRICES COMPETITIVENESS CONSTANT RETURNS CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE CONSUMER CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS CURRENCY CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE DEMOGRAPHIC DEPRECIATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIVERSIFICATION DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY ECONOMIC SUCCESS ECONOMIC TRENDS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY ENROLLMENT EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPECTED VALUE EXPECTED VALUES EXPORTS FACTOR ACCUMULATION FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FARMERS FUNCTIONAL FORM FUNCTIONAL FORMS FUTURES GDP PER CAPITA GENDER GENDER EQUALITY GENERAL POPULATION GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL MARKET GNP GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATE OF OUTPUT GROWTH RATES HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOMES INFLATION INITIAL CAPITAL INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL PRICES INVENTORY INVESTMENT EXPENSES LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE GROWTH LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LAND USE LARGE COMPANIES LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LOCAL CURRENCY MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE MARGINAL PRODUCT MARKET PERFORMANCE MARKET SHARE MARKETING MODEL OF GROWTH NATIONAL INCOME OVERVALUATION PER CAPITA INCOME PHYSICAL CAPITAL POLITICAL STABILITY POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES PRICE DECLINES PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE LEVEL PRICE LEVELS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTION INCREASES PRODUCTION INPUTS PRODUCTIVITY PROSPERITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC EXPENDITURES RAPID POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF GROWTH RATE OF RETURN RATES OF GROWTH RE-INVESTMENT REAL EXCHANGE RATES REAL GDP REAL GROWTH RATES RECEIPTS REFUGEES REGIONAL TRADE REGRESSION ANALYSIS SHARE OF OUTPUT SHARE OF WORLD OUTPUT SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUNK COSTS TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS TFP TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS TOTAL OUTPUT UNEMPLOYMENT UNION URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATION URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLATILITY WAGE WORK FORCE WORLD ECONOMY WORLD MARKET WORLD MARKETS |
| author |
Bogetic, Zeljko Noer, John Espina, Carlos |
| author_facet |
Bogetic, Zeljko Noer, John Espina, Carlos |
| author_sort |
Bogetic, Zeljko |
| title |
Cote d’Ivoire : From Success to Failure - A Story of Growth, Specialization, and the Terms of Trade |
| title_short |
Cote d’Ivoire : From Success to Failure - A Story of Growth, Specialization, and the Terms of Trade |
| title_full |
Cote d’Ivoire : From Success to Failure - A Story of Growth, Specialization, and the Terms of Trade |
| title_fullStr |
Cote d’Ivoire : From Success to Failure - A Story of Growth, Specialization, and the Terms of Trade |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Cote d’Ivoire : From Success to Failure - A Story of Growth, Specialization, and the Terms of Trade |
| title_sort |
cote d’ivoire : from success to failure - a story of growth, specialization, and the terms of trade |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2007-11 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/11/8789097/cote-divoire-success-failure-story-growth-specialization-terms-trade https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7655 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT bogeticzeljko cotedivoirefromsuccesstofailureastoryofgrowthspecializationandthetermsoftrade AT noerjohn cotedivoirefromsuccesstofailureastoryofgrowthspecializationandthetermsoftrade AT espinacarlos cotedivoirefromsuccesstofailureastoryofgrowthspecializationandthetermsoftrade |
| _version_ |
1807155631354806272 |
| spelling |
dig-okr-1098676552024-08-08T16:50:16Z Cote d’Ivoire : From Success to Failure - A Story of Growth, Specialization, and the Terms of Trade Bogetic, Zeljko Noer, John Espina, Carlos ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURE ARREARS AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENCHMARKS CALCULATIONS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL COST CAPITAL FORMATION CAPITAL GOODS CAPITAL GROWTH CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL STOCK CAPITAL STOCK GROWTH CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL TIMES CENTRAL BANK CIVIL WAR COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXCHANGES COMMODITY EXPORTS COMMODITY PRICE COMMODITY PRICES COMPETITIVENESS CONSTANT RETURNS CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE CONSUMER CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS CURRENCY CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE DEMOGRAPHIC DEPRECIATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIVERSIFICATION DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY ECONOMIC SUCCESS ECONOMIC TRENDS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY ENROLLMENT EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPECTED VALUE EXPECTED VALUES EXPORTS FACTOR ACCUMULATION FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FARMERS FUNCTIONAL FORM FUNCTIONAL FORMS FUTURES GDP PER CAPITA GENDER GENDER EQUALITY GENERAL POPULATION GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL MARKET GNP GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATE OF OUTPUT GROWTH RATES HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOMES INFLATION INITIAL CAPITAL INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL PRICES INVENTORY INVESTMENT EXPENSES LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE GROWTH LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LAND USE LARGE COMPANIES LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LOCAL CURRENCY MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE MARGINAL PRODUCT MARKET PERFORMANCE MARKET SHARE MARKETING MODEL OF GROWTH NATIONAL INCOME OVERVALUATION PER CAPITA INCOME PHYSICAL CAPITAL POLITICAL STABILITY POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES PRICE DECLINES PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE LEVEL PRICE LEVELS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTION INCREASES PRODUCTION INPUTS PRODUCTIVITY PROSPERITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC EXPENDITURES RAPID POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF GROWTH RATE OF RETURN RATES OF GROWTH RE-INVESTMENT REAL EXCHANGE RATES REAL GDP REAL GROWTH RATES RECEIPTS REFUGEES REGIONAL TRADE REGRESSION ANALYSIS SHARE OF OUTPUT SHARE OF WORLD OUTPUT SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUNK COSTS TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS TFP TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS TOTAL OUTPUT UNEMPLOYMENT UNION URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATION URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLATILITY WAGE WORK FORCE WORLD ECONOMY WORLD MARKET WORLD MARKETS Real GDP per capita and capital stock in Cote d'Ivoire grew strongly from 1960 to 1979, but have declined ever since, for twenty-five years. As a result, the country has traveled a full circle from economic success to failure in little more than a generation. What are the long-term factors behind this dismal growth story? Are the Ivorian development problems mostly of recent origin? Or there are more fundamental, economic factors that explain its long term performance? Four principal conclusions are as follows: First, Cote d'Ivoire's long-term growth performance is not fully explained by temporary factors (e.g., CFA overvaluation or recent conflict). Longer term factors such as capital accumulation, productivity, and terms of trade are key to understanding the country's performance as is the policy of specialization in a single commodity--cocoa. Second, the long-term decline in per capita output started well before the currency overvaluation, and at a time of political stability, and is related to a major, secular deterioration in terms of trade that started after 1976. Third, total factor productivity estimates indicate that TFP per capita also grew until it hit a plateau in 1976-78, and then shrank thereafter, despite gains in human capital accumulation. Fourth, Cote d'Ivoire has pursued a policy of specialization in cocoa beans but this bet on a single commodity has ultimately failed. The strategy that brought prosperity during the 1970s resulted in a growth failure when cocoa prices began declining since 1976. 2012-06-11T15:36:45Z 2012-06-11T15:36:45Z 2007-11 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/11/8789097/cote-divoire-success-failure-story-growth-specialization-terms-trade https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7655 English Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4414 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, DC |