A Comparative Perspective on Poverty Reduction in Brazil, China and India
Brazil, China and India have seen falling poverty in their reform periods, but to varying degrees and for different reasons. History left China with favorable initial conditions for rapid poverty reduction through market-led economic growth; at the outset of the reform process there were ample distortions to remove and relatively low inequality in access to the opportunities so created, though inequality has risen markedly since. By concentrating such opportunities in the hands of the better off, prior inequalities in various dimensions handicapped poverty reduction in both Brazil and India. Brazil's recent success in complementing market-oriented reforms with progressive social policies has helped it achieve more rapid poverty reduction than India, although Brazil has been less successful in terms of economic growth. In the wake of its steep rise in inequality, China might learn from Brazil's success with such policies. India needs to do more to assure that poor people are able to participate in both the country's growth process and its social policies; here there are lessons from both China and Brazil. All three countries have learned how important macroeconomic stability is to poverty reduction.
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| topic |
ABSOLUTE POVERTY AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANTI-POVERTY AVERAGE INCOME BASIC EDUCATION BASIC HEALTH BUDGET DEFICITS CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS CASH TRANSFERS COLLECTIVE FARMS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING COST-EFFECTIVENESS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS DATA ISSUES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC STAGNATION ECONOMICS ECONOMICS LETTERS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EGS EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES FAMINE FARM GROWTH FARM OUTPUT FARM PRODUCTIVITY FARM PRODUCTS FARM SECTOR FARM WORK FARMERS FARMLAND FEMALE LITERACY FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD STAPLES FOOD SUBSIDIES FOOD-FOR-EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GEOGRAPHIC POVERTY TRAPS GINI INDEX GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH ELASTICITY GROWTH PROCESS GROWTH PROSPECTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HEALTH CARE HIGH INEQUALITY HIGH INFLATION HIGHER INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN ASSETS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMPACT ON POVERTY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME REDISTRIBUTION INCOME SUPPORT INDICATOR TARGETING INDIVIDUAL FARMERS INDUSTRIAL POLICY INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CONVERGENCE INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY WILL INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE LAND RIGHTS LANDHOLDINGS LIFE EXPECTANCY LONG RUN LONG-RUN GROWTH LONG-TERM GROWTH LOW FARM PRODUCTIVITY LOW INEQUALITY LOW INEQUALITY COUNTRIES LOW SHARE MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL TAX MARGINAL TAX RATE MARKET FAILURES MEAN INCOME MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NEGATIVE EFFECT OUTPUT GROWTH PAYMENTS CRISIS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY CONVERGENCE POLICY MAKERS POLICY PACKAGE POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TARGETING POOR POOR AREAS POOR COUNTRIES POOR FAMILIES POOR LIVING POOR PARENTS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY GAP POVERTY GAP INDEX POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY-REDUCING GROWTH PRO-GROWTH STRATEGY PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC WORKS RAPID GROWTH REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCED POVERTY REDUCING INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION IN POVERTY REFORM EFFORTS RELATIVE GAINS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ECONOMIC GROWTH RURAL ECONOMIC REFORMS RURAL ECONOMY RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL GAP RURAL HINTERLAND RURAL INCOME RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL LIVING STANDARDS RURAL POOR RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY LINE RURAL POVERTY LINES RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION RURAL SECTOR SAFETY NET SAFETY NET PROGRAMS SAVINGS SCHOOLING SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SECTORAL COMPOSITION SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL POLICIES SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SPENDING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES TARGETED TRANSFERS TARGETING TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEMPLOYMENT UNSKILLED LABOR URBAN AREAS ABSOLUTE POVERTY AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANTI-POVERTY AVERAGE INCOME BASIC EDUCATION BASIC HEALTH BUDGET DEFICITS CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS CASH TRANSFERS COLLECTIVE FARMS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING COST-EFFECTIVENESS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS DATA ISSUES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC STAGNATION ECONOMICS ECONOMICS LETTERS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EGS EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES FAMINE FARM GROWTH FARM OUTPUT FARM PRODUCTIVITY FARM PRODUCTS FARM SECTOR FARM WORK FARMERS FARMLAND FEMALE LITERACY FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD STAPLES FOOD SUBSIDIES FOOD-FOR-EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GEOGRAPHIC POVERTY TRAPS GINI INDEX GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH ELASTICITY GROWTH PROCESS GROWTH PROSPECTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HEALTH CARE HIGH INEQUALITY HIGH INFLATION HIGHER INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN ASSETS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMPACT ON POVERTY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME REDISTRIBUTION INCOME SUPPORT INDICATOR TARGETING INDIVIDUAL FARMERS INDUSTRIAL POLICY INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CONVERGENCE INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY WILL INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE LAND RIGHTS LANDHOLDINGS LIFE EXPECTANCY LONG RUN LONG-RUN GROWTH LONG-TERM GROWTH LOW FARM PRODUCTIVITY LOW INEQUALITY LOW INEQUALITY COUNTRIES LOW SHARE MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL TAX MARGINAL TAX RATE MARKET FAILURES MEAN INCOME MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NEGATIVE EFFECT OUTPUT GROWTH PAYMENTS CRISIS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY CONVERGENCE POLICY MAKERS POLICY PACKAGE POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TARGETING POOR POOR AREAS POOR COUNTRIES POOR FAMILIES POOR LIVING POOR PARENTS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY GAP POVERTY GAP INDEX POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY-REDUCING GROWTH PRO-GROWTH STRATEGY PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC WORKS RAPID GROWTH REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCED POVERTY REDUCING INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION IN POVERTY REFORM EFFORTS RELATIVE GAINS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ECONOMIC GROWTH RURAL ECONOMIC REFORMS RURAL ECONOMY RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL GAP RURAL HINTERLAND RURAL INCOME RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL LIVING STANDARDS RURAL POOR RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY LINE RURAL POVERTY LINES RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION RURAL SECTOR SAFETY NET SAFETY NET PROGRAMS SAVINGS SCHOOLING SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SECTORAL COMPOSITION SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL POLICIES SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SPENDING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES TARGETED TRANSFERS TARGETING TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEMPLOYMENT UNSKILLED LABOR URBAN AREAS |
| spellingShingle |
ABSOLUTE POVERTY AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANTI-POVERTY AVERAGE INCOME BASIC EDUCATION BASIC HEALTH BUDGET DEFICITS CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS CASH TRANSFERS COLLECTIVE FARMS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING COST-EFFECTIVENESS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS DATA ISSUES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC STAGNATION ECONOMICS ECONOMICS LETTERS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EGS EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES FAMINE FARM GROWTH FARM OUTPUT FARM PRODUCTIVITY FARM PRODUCTS FARM SECTOR FARM WORK FARMERS FARMLAND FEMALE LITERACY FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD STAPLES FOOD SUBSIDIES FOOD-FOR-EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GEOGRAPHIC POVERTY TRAPS GINI INDEX GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH ELASTICITY GROWTH PROCESS GROWTH PROSPECTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HEALTH CARE HIGH INEQUALITY HIGH INFLATION HIGHER INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN ASSETS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMPACT ON POVERTY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME REDISTRIBUTION INCOME SUPPORT INDICATOR TARGETING INDIVIDUAL FARMERS INDUSTRIAL POLICY INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CONVERGENCE INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY WILL INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE LAND RIGHTS LANDHOLDINGS LIFE EXPECTANCY LONG RUN LONG-RUN GROWTH LONG-TERM GROWTH LOW FARM PRODUCTIVITY LOW INEQUALITY LOW INEQUALITY COUNTRIES LOW SHARE MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL TAX MARGINAL TAX RATE MARKET FAILURES MEAN INCOME MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NEGATIVE EFFECT OUTPUT GROWTH PAYMENTS CRISIS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY CONVERGENCE POLICY MAKERS POLICY PACKAGE POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TARGETING POOR POOR AREAS POOR COUNTRIES POOR FAMILIES POOR LIVING POOR PARENTS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY GAP POVERTY GAP INDEX POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY-REDUCING GROWTH PRO-GROWTH STRATEGY PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC WORKS RAPID GROWTH REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCED POVERTY REDUCING INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION IN POVERTY REFORM EFFORTS RELATIVE GAINS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ECONOMIC GROWTH RURAL ECONOMIC REFORMS RURAL ECONOMY RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL GAP RURAL HINTERLAND RURAL INCOME RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL LIVING STANDARDS RURAL POOR RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY LINE RURAL POVERTY LINES RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION RURAL SECTOR SAFETY NET SAFETY NET PROGRAMS SAVINGS SCHOOLING SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SECTORAL COMPOSITION SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL POLICIES SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SPENDING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES TARGETED TRANSFERS TARGETING TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEMPLOYMENT UNSKILLED LABOR URBAN AREAS ABSOLUTE POVERTY AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANTI-POVERTY AVERAGE INCOME BASIC EDUCATION BASIC HEALTH BUDGET DEFICITS CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS CASH TRANSFERS COLLECTIVE FARMS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING COST-EFFECTIVENESS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS DATA ISSUES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC STAGNATION ECONOMICS ECONOMICS LETTERS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EGS EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES FAMINE FARM GROWTH FARM OUTPUT FARM PRODUCTIVITY FARM PRODUCTS FARM SECTOR FARM WORK FARMERS FARMLAND FEMALE LITERACY FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD STAPLES FOOD SUBSIDIES FOOD-FOR-EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GEOGRAPHIC POVERTY TRAPS GINI INDEX GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH ELASTICITY GROWTH PROCESS GROWTH PROSPECTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HEALTH CARE HIGH INEQUALITY HIGH INFLATION HIGHER INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN ASSETS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMPACT ON POVERTY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME REDISTRIBUTION INCOME SUPPORT INDICATOR TARGETING INDIVIDUAL FARMERS INDUSTRIAL POLICY INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CONVERGENCE INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY WILL INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE LAND RIGHTS LANDHOLDINGS LIFE EXPECTANCY LONG RUN LONG-RUN GROWTH LONG-TERM GROWTH LOW FARM PRODUCTIVITY LOW INEQUALITY LOW INEQUALITY COUNTRIES LOW SHARE MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL TAX MARGINAL TAX RATE MARKET FAILURES MEAN INCOME MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NEGATIVE EFFECT OUTPUT GROWTH PAYMENTS CRISIS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY CONVERGENCE POLICY MAKERS POLICY PACKAGE POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TARGETING POOR POOR AREAS POOR COUNTRIES POOR FAMILIES POOR LIVING POOR PARENTS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY GAP POVERTY GAP INDEX POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY-REDUCING GROWTH PRO-GROWTH STRATEGY PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC WORKS RAPID GROWTH REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCED POVERTY REDUCING INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION IN POVERTY REFORM EFFORTS RELATIVE GAINS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ECONOMIC GROWTH RURAL ECONOMIC REFORMS RURAL ECONOMY RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL GAP RURAL HINTERLAND RURAL INCOME RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL LIVING STANDARDS RURAL POOR RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY LINE RURAL POVERTY LINES RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION RURAL SECTOR SAFETY NET SAFETY NET PROGRAMS SAVINGS SCHOOLING SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SECTORAL COMPOSITION SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL POLICIES SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SPENDING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES TARGETED TRANSFERS TARGETING TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEMPLOYMENT UNSKILLED LABOR URBAN AREAS Ravallion, Martin A Comparative Perspective on Poverty Reduction in Brazil, China and India |
| description |
Brazil, China and India have seen
falling poverty in their reform periods, but to varying
degrees and for different reasons. History left China with
favorable initial conditions for rapid poverty reduction
through market-led economic growth; at the outset of the
reform process there were ample distortions to remove and
relatively low inequality in access to the opportunities so
created, though inequality has risen markedly since. By
concentrating such opportunities in the hands of the better
off, prior inequalities in various dimensions handicapped
poverty reduction in both Brazil and India. Brazil's
recent success in complementing market-oriented reforms with
progressive social policies has helped it achieve more rapid
poverty reduction than India, although Brazil has been less
successful in terms of economic growth. In the wake of its
steep rise in inequality, China might learn from
Brazil's success with such policies. India needs to do
more to assure that poor people are able to participate in
both the country's growth process and its social
policies; here there are lessons from both China and Brazil.
All three countries have learned how important macroeconomic
stability is to poverty reduction. |
| topic_facet |
ABSOLUTE POVERTY AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANTI-POVERTY AVERAGE INCOME BASIC EDUCATION BASIC HEALTH BUDGET DEFICITS CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS CASH TRANSFERS COLLECTIVE FARMS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING COST-EFFECTIVENESS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS DATA ISSUES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC STAGNATION ECONOMICS ECONOMICS LETTERS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EGS EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES FAMINE FARM GROWTH FARM OUTPUT FARM PRODUCTIVITY FARM PRODUCTS FARM SECTOR FARM WORK FARMERS FARMLAND FEMALE LITERACY FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD STAPLES FOOD SUBSIDIES FOOD-FOR-EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GEOGRAPHIC POVERTY TRAPS GINI INDEX GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH ELASTICITY GROWTH PROCESS GROWTH PROSPECTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HEALTH CARE HIGH INEQUALITY HIGH INFLATION HIGHER INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN ASSETS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMPACT ON POVERTY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME REDISTRIBUTION INCOME SUPPORT INDICATOR TARGETING INDIVIDUAL FARMERS INDUSTRIAL POLICY INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CONVERGENCE INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY WILL INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE LAND RIGHTS LANDHOLDINGS LIFE EXPECTANCY LONG RUN LONG-RUN GROWTH LONG-TERM GROWTH LOW FARM PRODUCTIVITY LOW INEQUALITY LOW INEQUALITY COUNTRIES LOW SHARE MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL TAX MARGINAL TAX RATE MARKET FAILURES MEAN INCOME MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NEGATIVE EFFECT OUTPUT GROWTH PAYMENTS CRISIS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY CONVERGENCE POLICY MAKERS POLICY PACKAGE POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TARGETING POOR POOR AREAS POOR COUNTRIES POOR FAMILIES POOR LIVING POOR PARENTS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY GAP POVERTY GAP INDEX POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY-REDUCING GROWTH PRO-GROWTH STRATEGY PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC WORKS RAPID GROWTH REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCED POVERTY REDUCING INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION IN POVERTY REFORM EFFORTS RELATIVE GAINS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ECONOMIC GROWTH RURAL ECONOMIC REFORMS RURAL ECONOMY RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL GAP RURAL HINTERLAND RURAL INCOME RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL LIVING STANDARDS RURAL POOR RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY LINE RURAL POVERTY LINES RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION RURAL SECTOR SAFETY NET SAFETY NET PROGRAMS SAVINGS SCHOOLING SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SECTORAL COMPOSITION SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL POLICIES SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SPENDING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES TARGETED TRANSFERS TARGETING TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEMPLOYMENT UNSKILLED LABOR URBAN AREAS |
| author |
Ravallion, Martin |
| author_facet |
Ravallion, Martin |
| author_sort |
Ravallion, Martin |
| title |
A Comparative Perspective on Poverty Reduction in Brazil, China and India |
| title_short |
A Comparative Perspective on Poverty Reduction in Brazil, China and India |
| title_full |
A Comparative Perspective on Poverty Reduction in Brazil, China and India |
| title_fullStr |
A Comparative Perspective on Poverty Reduction in Brazil, China and India |
| title_full_unstemmed |
A Comparative Perspective on Poverty Reduction in Brazil, China and India |
| title_sort |
comparative perspective on poverty reduction in brazil, china and india |
| publishDate |
2009-10-01 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20091130085835 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/4333 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT ravallionmartin acomparativeperspectiveonpovertyreductioninbrazilchinaandindia AT ravallionmartin comparativeperspectiveonpovertyreductioninbrazilchinaandindia |
| _version_ |
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dig-okr-1098643332024-08-08T16:16:04Z A Comparative Perspective on Poverty Reduction in Brazil, China and India Ravallion, Martin ABSOLUTE POVERTY AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANTI-POVERTY AVERAGE INCOME BASIC EDUCATION BASIC HEALTH BUDGET DEFICITS CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS CASH TRANSFERS COLLECTIVE FARMS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING COST-EFFECTIVENESS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS DATA ISSUES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC STAGNATION ECONOMICS ECONOMICS LETTERS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EGS EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES FAMINE FARM GROWTH FARM OUTPUT FARM PRODUCTIVITY FARM PRODUCTS FARM SECTOR FARM WORK FARMERS FARMLAND FEMALE LITERACY FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD STAPLES FOOD SUBSIDIES FOOD-FOR-EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GEOGRAPHIC POVERTY TRAPS GINI INDEX GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH ELASTICITY GROWTH PROCESS GROWTH PROSPECTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HEALTH CARE HIGH INEQUALITY HIGH INFLATION HIGHER INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN ASSETS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMPACT ON POVERTY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME REDISTRIBUTION INCOME SUPPORT INDICATOR TARGETING INDIVIDUAL FARMERS INDUSTRIAL POLICY INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CONVERGENCE INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY WILL INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE LAND RIGHTS LANDHOLDINGS LIFE EXPECTANCY LONG RUN LONG-RUN GROWTH LONG-TERM GROWTH LOW FARM PRODUCTIVITY LOW INEQUALITY LOW INEQUALITY COUNTRIES LOW SHARE MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL TAX MARGINAL TAX RATE MARKET FAILURES MEAN INCOME MEASURING POVERTY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NEGATIVE EFFECT OUTPUT GROWTH PAYMENTS CRISIS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY CONVERGENCE POLICY MAKERS POLICY PACKAGE POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TARGETING POOR POOR AREAS POOR COUNTRIES POOR FAMILIES POOR LIVING POOR PARENTS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY ASSESSMENT POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY GAP POVERTY GAP INDEX POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY-REDUCING GROWTH PRO-GROWTH STRATEGY PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC WORKS RAPID GROWTH REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCED POVERTY REDUCING INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION IN POVERTY REFORM EFFORTS RELATIVE GAINS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ECONOMIC GROWTH RURAL ECONOMIC REFORMS RURAL ECONOMY RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL GAP RURAL HINTERLAND RURAL INCOME RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL LIVING STANDARDS RURAL POOR RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY LINE RURAL POVERTY LINES RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION RURAL SECTOR SAFETY NET SAFETY NET PROGRAMS SAVINGS SCHOOLING SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SECTORAL COMPOSITION SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL POLICIES SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SPENDING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES TARGETED TRANSFERS TARGETING TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEMPLOYMENT UNSKILLED LABOR URBAN AREAS Brazil, China and India have seen falling poverty in their reform periods, but to varying degrees and for different reasons. History left China with favorable initial conditions for rapid poverty reduction through market-led economic growth; at the outset of the reform process there were ample distortions to remove and relatively low inequality in access to the opportunities so created, though inequality has risen markedly since. By concentrating such opportunities in the hands of the better off, prior inequalities in various dimensions handicapped poverty reduction in both Brazil and India. Brazil's recent success in complementing market-oriented reforms with progressive social policies has helped it achieve more rapid poverty reduction than India, although Brazil has been less successful in terms of economic growth. In the wake of its steep rise in inequality, China might learn from Brazil's success with such policies. India needs to do more to assure that poor people are able to participate in both the country's growth process and its social policies; here there are lessons from both China and Brazil. All three countries have learned how important macroeconomic stability is to poverty reduction. 2012-03-19T19:14:11Z 2012-03-19T19:14:11Z 2009-10-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20091130085835 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/4333 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5080 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain |