Measuring Total Carbon Pricing

While countries increasingly commit to pricing greenhouse gases directly through carbon taxes or emissions trading systems, indirect forms of carbon pricing - such as fuel excise taxes and fuel subsidy reforms - remain important factors affecting the mitigation incentives in an economy. Taken together, how can policy makers think about the overall price signal for carbon emissions and the incentive it creates We develop a methodology for calculating a total carbon price applied to carbon emissions in a sector, a fuel, or the whole economy. We recognize that rarely is a single carbon price applied across an economy; many direct carbon pricing instruments target specific sectors or even fuels, much like indirect taxes on fossil fuels; and carbon and fuel taxes can be substituted for one another. Tracking progress on carbon pricing thus requires following both kinds of price interventions, their coverage, and specific exemptions. This inclusive total carbon pricing measure can facilitate progress in discussions on minimum carbon price commitments and inform assessments of the pricing of carbon embodied in traded goods. Calculations across 142 countries from 1991 to 2021 indicate that although direct carbon pricing now covers roughly one-quarter of global emissions, the global total carbon price is not that much higher than it was in 1994 when the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force. Indirect carbon pricing still comprises the lion's share of the global total carbon price, and it has stagnated. Taking these policy measures into account reveals that many developing countries - particularly net fuel importers - contribute substantially to global carbon pricing. Tackling fuel subsidy reform and pricing coal and natural gas emissions more fully would have a profound effect on aligning carbon prices across countries and sectors and with their climate costs.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Agnolucci, Paolo, Fischer, Carolyn, Heine, Dirk, Montes de Oca Leon, Mariza, Pryor, Joseph, Patroni, Kathleen, Hallegatte, Stéphane
Format:	Journal Article biblioteca
Language:	English en_US
Published:	Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank 2023-09-27
Subjects:	REDISTRIBUTIVE EFFECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES AND SUBSIDIES, GOVERNMENT POLICY, LIFE ON LAND, SDG 15, PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099629307192420510/IDU19f28410d15003143dc19c2814b8be2ca21ea https://hdl.handle.net/10986/41936
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