Herder-Related Violence, Agricultural Work, and the Informal Sector as a Safety Net
Violent conflict between nomadic herders and settled—mostly agricultural—communities in Nigeria occurs as both groups clash over the use of land and resources, in part, due to a changing climate. This paper uses panel data from 2010 through 2019 to study the labor responses of individuals to exposure to herder-related violence during the post-planting and post-harvest seasons. Specifically, it considers a “shadow of violence” channel, where recent exposure to a violent event alters labor-related responses to a subsequent event. Results find that in the post-planting season, exposure to a herder-related violent event leads to an increase in informal work for both men and women, a decrease in agricultural work for men, and an increase in total hours worked for women among households that have previously been exposed to herder-related violence in the preceding six months. The paper also considers two other specific forms for a “shadow of violence” channel—namely, raised tensions over open-grazing bans enacted in 2016 and 2017 within three states and a drastic peak in violence in the first half of 2018— and find similar results. Lastly, findings show how household exposure to violence can have so-called knock-on effects. Households exposed to herder-related violence in the previous post-planting season shift consumption and crop selling patterns in the post-harvest season. These findings highlight the gender-specific labor response to violence and document the role of the informal sector as a partial safety net for individuals in the presence of adverse shocks.
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| Format: | Working Paper biblioteca |
| Language: | English English |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2023-11-21
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| Subjects: | CONFLICT, VIOLENCE, INFORMALITY, FARMERS AND HERDERS, SAFETY NET, GENDER RELATED VIOLENCE, |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099417511152376048/IDU0087febc70d8df04ff50a05a0a34a221591c0 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40644 |
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dig-okr-10986406442024-03-11T19:24:31Z Herder-Related Violence, Agricultural Work, and the Informal Sector as a Safety Net Bloem, Jeffrey R. Damon, Amy Francis, David C Mitchell, Harrison CONFLICT VIOLENCE INFORMALITY FARMERS AND HERDERS SAFETY NET GENDER RELATED VIOLENCE Violent conflict between nomadic herders and settled—mostly agricultural—communities in Nigeria occurs as both groups clash over the use of land and resources, in part, due to a changing climate. This paper uses panel data from 2010 through 2019 to study the labor responses of individuals to exposure to herder-related violence during the post-planting and post-harvest seasons. Specifically, it considers a “shadow of violence” channel, where recent exposure to a violent event alters labor-related responses to a subsequent event. Results find that in the post-planting season, exposure to a herder-related violent event leads to an increase in informal work for both men and women, a decrease in agricultural work for men, and an increase in total hours worked for women among households that have previously been exposed to herder-related violence in the preceding six months. The paper also considers two other specific forms for a “shadow of violence” channel—namely, raised tensions over open-grazing bans enacted in 2016 and 2017 within three states and a drastic peak in violence in the first half of 2018— and find similar results. Lastly, findings show how household exposure to violence can have so-called knock-on effects. Households exposed to herder-related violence in the previous post-planting season shift consumption and crop selling patterns in the post-harvest season. These findings highlight the gender-specific labor response to violence and document the role of the informal sector as a partial safety net for individuals in the presence of adverse shocks. 2023-11-21T20:42:48Z 2023-11-21T20:42:48Z 2023-11-21 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099417511152376048/IDU0087febc70d8df04ff50a05a0a34a221591c0 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40644 English en Policy Research Working Papers; 10607 CC BY 3.0 IGO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, DC |
| institution |
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Estados Unidos |
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| component |
Bibliográfico |
| access |
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| databasecode |
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| tag |
biblioteca |
| region |
America del Norte |
| libraryname |
Biblioteca del Banco Mundial |
| language |
English English |
| topic |
CONFLICT VIOLENCE INFORMALITY FARMERS AND HERDERS SAFETY NET GENDER RELATED VIOLENCE CONFLICT VIOLENCE INFORMALITY FARMERS AND HERDERS SAFETY NET GENDER RELATED VIOLENCE |
| spellingShingle |
CONFLICT VIOLENCE INFORMALITY FARMERS AND HERDERS SAFETY NET GENDER RELATED VIOLENCE CONFLICT VIOLENCE INFORMALITY FARMERS AND HERDERS SAFETY NET GENDER RELATED VIOLENCE Bloem, Jeffrey R. Damon, Amy Francis, David C Mitchell, Harrison Herder-Related Violence, Agricultural Work, and the Informal Sector as a Safety Net |
| description |
Violent conflict between nomadic
herders and settled—mostly agricultural—communities in
Nigeria occurs as both groups clash over the use of land and
resources, in part, due to a changing climate. This paper
uses panel data from 2010 through 2019 to study the labor
responses of individuals to exposure to herder-related
violence during the post-planting and post-harvest seasons.
Specifically, it considers a “shadow of violence” channel,
where recent exposure to a violent event alters
labor-related responses to a subsequent event. Results find
that in the post-planting season, exposure to a
herder-related violent event leads to an increase in
informal work for both men and women, a decrease in
agricultural work for men, and an increase in total hours
worked for women among households that have previously been
exposed to herder-related violence in the preceding six
months. The paper also considers two other specific forms
for a “shadow of violence” channel—namely, raised tensions
over open-grazing bans enacted in 2016 and 2017 within three
states and a drastic peak in violence in the first half of
2018— and find similar results. Lastly, findings show how
household exposure to violence can have so-called knock-on
effects. Households exposed to herder-related violence in
the previous post-planting season shift consumption and crop
selling patterns in the post-harvest season. These findings
highlight the gender-specific labor response to violence and
document the role of the informal sector as a partial safety
net for individuals in the presence of adverse shocks. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| topic_facet |
CONFLICT VIOLENCE INFORMALITY FARMERS AND HERDERS SAFETY NET GENDER RELATED VIOLENCE |
| author |
Bloem, Jeffrey R. Damon, Amy Francis, David C Mitchell, Harrison |
| author_facet |
Bloem, Jeffrey R. Damon, Amy Francis, David C Mitchell, Harrison |
| author_sort |
Bloem, Jeffrey R. |
| title |
Herder-Related Violence, Agricultural Work, and the Informal Sector as a Safety Net |
| title_short |
Herder-Related Violence, Agricultural Work, and the Informal Sector as a Safety Net |
| title_full |
Herder-Related Violence, Agricultural Work, and the Informal Sector as a Safety Net |
| title_fullStr |
Herder-Related Violence, Agricultural Work, and the Informal Sector as a Safety Net |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Herder-Related Violence, Agricultural Work, and the Informal Sector as a Safety Net |
| title_sort |
herder-related violence, agricultural work, and the informal sector as a safety net |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2023-11-21 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099417511152376048/IDU0087febc70d8df04ff50a05a0a34a221591c0 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40644 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT bloemjeffreyr herderrelatedviolenceagriculturalworkandtheinformalsectorasasafetynet AT damonamy herderrelatedviolenceagriculturalworkandtheinformalsectorasasafetynet AT francisdavidc herderrelatedviolenceagriculturalworkandtheinformalsectorasasafetynet AT mitchellharrison herderrelatedviolenceagriculturalworkandtheinformalsectorasasafetynet |
| _version_ |
1794797198115864576 |