The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia

The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia

Recent research suggests that the effects of stigma, discrimination, and exclusion against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people could be costing economies billions of dollars. There are numerous reasons for these costs, including adverse educational environments, employment discrimination, physical and mental health disparities, and violence. This research aims to estimate the economic cost of exclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) in the Republic of North Macedonia and to provide the country’s policy makers, civil society, and development partners with new evidence on the ongoing policy dialogue on strengthening the social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people. To estimate the cost of exclusion, this report presents two theoretical models focused on the labor market and related issues. The first model centers mainly on the accumulated loss of individual wages due to the consequences of exclusion. The second model calculates the negative effect of exclusion on accumulated fiscal revenues (due to lower income and payroll taxes) and expenditures (due to higher expenditures for unemployment benefits and active labor market programs).

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Flores, Andrew, Koehler, Dominik, Lucchetti, Leonardo, Cortez, Clifton, Djindjić, Jovana, Kuzmanov, Lidija
Format: Report biblioteca
Language:English
en_US
Published: Washington, DC: World Bank 2023-09-26
Subjects:LGBTI EXCLUSION, WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION, SOGIESC-BASED EXCLUSION, VULNERABLE GROUPS, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY, SOCIAL INCLUSION,
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099091923182525219/P173700049a4910e90a93b08402119d25cb
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40380
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spelling dig-okr-10986403802023-09-25T20:11:26Z The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia Flores, Andrew Koehler, Dominik Lucchetti, Leonardo Cortez, Clifton Djindjić, Jovana Kuzmanov, Lidija LGBTI EXCLUSION WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION SOGIESC-BASED EXCLUSION VULNERABLE GROUPS SEXUAL ORIENTATION GENDER IDENTITY SOCIAL INCLUSION Recent research suggests that the effects of stigma, discrimination, and exclusion against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people could be costing economies billions of dollars. There are numerous reasons for these costs, including adverse educational environments, employment discrimination, physical and mental health disparities, and violence. This research aims to estimate the economic cost of exclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) in the Republic of North Macedonia and to provide the country’s policy makers, civil society, and development partners with new evidence on the ongoing policy dialogue on strengthening the social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people. To estimate the cost of exclusion, this report presents two theoretical models focused on the labor market and related issues. The first model centers mainly on the accumulated loss of individual wages due to the consequences of exclusion. The second model calculates the negative effect of exclusion on accumulated fiscal revenues (due to lower income and payroll taxes) and expenditures (due to higher expenditures for unemployment benefits and active labor market programs). 2023-09-21T13:02:13Z 2023-09-21T13:02:13Z 2023-09-26 Report http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099091923182525219/P173700049a4910e90a93b08402119d25cb https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40380 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO World Bank https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ application/pdf text/plain Washington, DC: World Bank
institution Banco Mundial
collection DSpace
country Estados Unidos
countrycode US
component Bibliográfico
access En linea
databasecode dig-okr
tag biblioteca
region America del Norte
libraryname Biblioteca del Banco Mundial
language English
en_US
topic LGBTI EXCLUSION
WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION
SOGIESC-BASED EXCLUSION
VULNERABLE GROUPS
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
GENDER IDENTITY
SOCIAL INCLUSION
LGBTI EXCLUSION
WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION
SOGIESC-BASED EXCLUSION
VULNERABLE GROUPS
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
GENDER IDENTITY
SOCIAL INCLUSION
spellingShingle LGBTI EXCLUSION
WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION
SOGIESC-BASED EXCLUSION
VULNERABLE GROUPS
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
GENDER IDENTITY
SOCIAL INCLUSION
LGBTI EXCLUSION
WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION
SOGIESC-BASED EXCLUSION
VULNERABLE GROUPS
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
GENDER IDENTITY
SOCIAL INCLUSION
Flores, Andrew
Koehler, Dominik
Lucchetti, Leonardo
Cortez, Clifton
Djindjić, Jovana
Kuzmanov, Lidija
The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia
description Recent research suggests that the effects of stigma, discrimination, and exclusion against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people could be costing economies billions of dollars. There are numerous reasons for these costs, including adverse educational environments, employment discrimination, physical and mental health disparities, and violence. This research aims to estimate the economic cost of exclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) in the Republic of North Macedonia and to provide the country’s policy makers, civil society, and development partners with new evidence on the ongoing policy dialogue on strengthening the social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people. To estimate the cost of exclusion, this report presents two theoretical models focused on the labor market and related issues. The first model centers mainly on the accumulated loss of individual wages due to the consequences of exclusion. The second model calculates the negative effect of exclusion on accumulated fiscal revenues (due to lower income and payroll taxes) and expenditures (due to higher expenditures for unemployment benefits and active labor market programs).
format Report
topic_facet LGBTI EXCLUSION
WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION
SOGIESC-BASED EXCLUSION
VULNERABLE GROUPS
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
GENDER IDENTITY
SOCIAL INCLUSION
author Flores, Andrew
Koehler, Dominik
Lucchetti, Leonardo
Cortez, Clifton
Djindjić, Jovana
Kuzmanov, Lidija
author_facet Flores, Andrew
Koehler, Dominik
Lucchetti, Leonardo
Cortez, Clifton
Djindjić, Jovana
Kuzmanov, Lidija
author_sort Flores, Andrew
title The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia
title_short The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia
title_full The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia
title_fullStr The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia
title_full_unstemmed The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia
title_sort economic cost of exclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics in the labor market in the republic of north macedonia
publisher Washington, DC: World Bank
publishDate 2023-09-26
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099091923182525219/P173700049a4910e90a93b08402119d25cb
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40380
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