Female-Worker Representation Effect
Kuwaiti women working in Kuwait’s civil service earn, on average, 18 percent less than Kuwaiti men. Using a unique data set of all Kuwaiti nationals working in Kuwait’s civil service, this paper analyzes the relationship between wages, gender, and the relative dominance of women in occupations and workplaces. The main finding is that an important portion of the association between gender and wages is explained not by human capital but by occupational and workplace segregation of men and women. Occupations with a higher ratio of women to men tend to have lower wages for both genders when compared to workers in occupations with a lower ratio of women to men. This finding is especially true for women. Workplaces with a higher female-to-male ratio exhibit lower male wages but slightly higher female wages than workplaces with lower female-to-male workplace ratios. The paper calls this latter novel finding the female-worker representation effect.
Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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Format: | Working Paper biblioteca |
Language: | English en_US |
Published: |
Washington, DC: World Bank
2023-07-05
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Subjects: | GENDER WAGE GAP, CIVIL SERVANTS’ WAGES, SEGREGATION, WOMEN, FEMALE-WORKER REPRESENTATION EFFECT, KUWAIT, MENA, |
Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099933206272311953/IDU0c6265d500cef20460f0a7db0f2dbebe73b23 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/39951 |
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dig-okr-10986399512023-08-02T19:17:06Z Female-Worker Representation Effect Gender Pay Variation in the Kuwaiti Civil Service Ajwad, Mohamed Ihsan Bilo, Simon Nguyen, Ha AlAnsari, Ebtesam AlHumaidan, Lama AlRashidi, Faleh Ajwad, Mohamed Ihsan GENDER WAGE GAP CIVIL SERVANTS’ WAGES SEGREGATION WOMEN FEMALE-WORKER REPRESENTATION EFFECT KUWAIT MENA Kuwaiti women working in Kuwait’s civil service earn, on average, 18 percent less than Kuwaiti men. Using a unique data set of all Kuwaiti nationals working in Kuwait’s civil service, this paper analyzes the relationship between wages, gender, and the relative dominance of women in occupations and workplaces. The main finding is that an important portion of the association between gender and wages is explained not by human capital but by occupational and workplace segregation of men and women. Occupations with a higher ratio of women to men tend to have lower wages for both genders when compared to workers in occupations with a lower ratio of women to men. This finding is especially true for women. Workplaces with a higher female-to-male ratio exhibit lower male wages but slightly higher female wages than workplaces with lower female-to-male workplace ratios. The paper calls this latter novel finding the female-worker representation effect. 2023-07-05T18:21:04Z 2023-07-05T18:21:04Z 2023-07-05 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099933206272311953/IDU0c6265d500cef20460f0a7db0f2dbebe73b23 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/39951 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper; 10509 CC BY 3.0 IGO World Bank https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ application/pdf text/plain Washington, DC: World Bank |
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Biblioteca del Banco Mundial |
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English en_US |
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GENDER WAGE GAP CIVIL SERVANTS’ WAGES SEGREGATION WOMEN FEMALE-WORKER REPRESENTATION EFFECT KUWAIT MENA GENDER WAGE GAP CIVIL SERVANTS’ WAGES SEGREGATION WOMEN FEMALE-WORKER REPRESENTATION EFFECT KUWAIT MENA |
spellingShingle |
GENDER WAGE GAP CIVIL SERVANTS’ WAGES SEGREGATION WOMEN FEMALE-WORKER REPRESENTATION EFFECT KUWAIT MENA GENDER WAGE GAP CIVIL SERVANTS’ WAGES SEGREGATION WOMEN FEMALE-WORKER REPRESENTATION EFFECT KUWAIT MENA Ajwad, Mohamed Ihsan Bilo, Simon Nguyen, Ha AlAnsari, Ebtesam AlHumaidan, Lama AlRashidi, Faleh Ajwad, Mohamed Ihsan Female-Worker Representation Effect |
description |
Kuwaiti women working in Kuwait’s
civil service earn, on average, 18 percent less than Kuwaiti
men. Using a unique data set of all Kuwaiti nationals
working in Kuwait’s civil service, this paper analyzes the
relationship between wages, gender, and the relative
dominance of women in occupations and workplaces. The main
finding is that an important portion of the association
between gender and wages is explained not by human capital
but by occupational and workplace segregation of men and
women. Occupations with a higher ratio of women to men tend
to have lower wages for both genders when compared to
workers in occupations with a lower ratio of women to men.
This finding is especially true for women. Workplaces with a
higher female-to-male ratio exhibit lower male wages but
slightly higher female wages than workplaces with lower
female-to-male workplace ratios. The paper calls this latter
novel finding the female-worker representation effect. |
format |
Working Paper |
topic_facet |
GENDER WAGE GAP CIVIL SERVANTS’ WAGES SEGREGATION WOMEN FEMALE-WORKER REPRESENTATION EFFECT KUWAIT MENA |
author |
Ajwad, Mohamed Ihsan Bilo, Simon Nguyen, Ha AlAnsari, Ebtesam AlHumaidan, Lama AlRashidi, Faleh Ajwad, Mohamed Ihsan |
author_facet |
Ajwad, Mohamed Ihsan Bilo, Simon Nguyen, Ha AlAnsari, Ebtesam AlHumaidan, Lama AlRashidi, Faleh Ajwad, Mohamed Ihsan |
author_sort |
Ajwad, Mohamed Ihsan |
title |
Female-Worker Representation Effect |
title_short |
Female-Worker Representation Effect |
title_full |
Female-Worker Representation Effect |
title_fullStr |
Female-Worker Representation Effect |
title_full_unstemmed |
Female-Worker Representation Effect |
title_sort |
female-worker representation effect |
publisher |
Washington, DC: World Bank |
publishDate |
2023-07-05 |
url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099933206272311953/IDU0c6265d500cef20460f0a7db0f2dbebe73b23 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/39951 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT ajwadmohamedihsan femaleworkerrepresentationeffect AT bilosimon femaleworkerrepresentationeffect AT nguyenha femaleworkerrepresentationeffect AT alansariebtesam femaleworkerrepresentationeffect AT alhumaidanlama femaleworkerrepresentationeffect AT alrashidifaleh femaleworkerrepresentationeffect AT ajwadmohamedihsan femaleworkerrepresentationeffect AT ajwadmohamedihsan genderpayvariationinthekuwaiticivilservice AT bilosimon genderpayvariationinthekuwaiticivilservice AT nguyenha genderpayvariationinthekuwaiticivilservice AT alansariebtesam genderpayvariationinthekuwaiticivilservice AT alhumaidanlama genderpayvariationinthekuwaiticivilservice AT alrashidifaleh genderpayvariationinthekuwaiticivilservice AT ajwadmohamedihsan genderpayvariationinthekuwaiticivilservice |
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1773580695631822848 |