Exploring the Sources of the Agricultural Productivity Gender Gap : Evidence from Sri Lanka
Previous literature found overwhelming evidence of an agricultural gender gap in favor of male farmers. The case of Sri Lanka is unique as agricultural productivity, measured by yield per unit of land, is 25.4 percent higher among female farmers than male farmers. Using the nationally representative 2016 Sri Lanka Household Income and Expenditure Survey and the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique, the paper explores the sources of this unconditional female productivity advantage. The analysis finds that the smaller plot size cultivated by women is the leading source of female productivity advantage, reflecting the inverse relationship between cultivated area and productivity. However, this productivity advantage does not translate into women’s higher crop earnings. Another important source is the gendered pattern of crop mix as women tend to cultivate more high-value, export-oriented crops, while men are more likely to grow paddy with low productivity. Once controlling for plot size and crop mix, a conditional male productivity advantage emerges, reflecting men’s greater access to agricultural resources and potentially an unequal pattern of division of labor associated with social and gender norms. Policies to promote equitable access to resources and address other constraints to women’s productivity in agriculture continue to be important in promoting gender equality.
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Working Paper biblioteca |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
World Bank, Washington, DC
2022-04
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| Subjects: | UNEQUAL DIVISION OF LABOR, SOCIAL NORMS, GENDER NORMS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY BY GENDER, EQUITABLE ACCESS TO RESOURCES, WOMEN’S PRODUCTIVITY, MEN'S PRODUCTIVITY, GENDER EQUALITY PROMOTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS, CROP MIX, ACCESS TO RESOURCES, GENDER EQUITY, |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099410104272220398/IDU01a2daff10ec0c04bc309bbe0aff53a71e3c1 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/37366 |
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| Summary: | Previous literature found
overwhelming evidence of an agricultural gender gap in favor
of male farmers. The case of Sri Lanka is unique as
agricultural productivity, measured by yield per unit of
land, is 25.4 percent higher among female farmers than male
farmers. Using the nationally representative 2016 Sri Lanka
Household Income and Expenditure Survey and the
Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique, the paper explores
the sources of this unconditional female productivity
advantage. The analysis finds that the smaller plot size
cultivated by women is the leading source of female
productivity advantage, reflecting the inverse relationship
between cultivated area and productivity. However, this
productivity advantage does not translate into women’s
higher crop earnings. Another important source is the
gendered pattern of crop mix as women tend to cultivate more
high-value, export-oriented crops, while men are more likely
to grow paddy with low productivity. Once controlling for
plot size and crop mix, a conditional male productivity
advantage emerges, reflecting men’s greater access to
agricultural resources and potentially an unequal pattern of
division of labor associated with social and gender norms.
Policies to promote equitable access to resources and
address other constraints to women’s productivity in
agriculture continue to be important in promoting gender equality. |
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