Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America
Middle class values have long been perceived as drivers of social cohesion and growth. This paper investigates the relation between class (measured by position in the income distribution), values, and political orientations using comparable values surveys for six Latin American countries. The analysis finds that both a continuous measure of income and categorical measures of income-based class are robustly associated with values. Both income and class tend to display a similar association to values and political orientations as education, although differences persist in some important dimensions. Overall, there is no strong evidence of any "middle class particularism": values appear to gradually shift with income, and middle class values are between the ones of poorer and richer classes. If any, the only peculiarity of middle class values is moderation. The analysis also finds changes in values across countries to be of much larger magnitude than the ones dictated by income, education, and individual characteristics, suggesting that individual values vary primarily within bounds dictated by each society.
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dig-okr-1098636412024-08-08T15:31:01Z Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America Torche, Florencia Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Rigolini, Jamele ALIENATION ASSETS AVERAGE INCOME CIVIC ENGAGEMENT COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY EFFECTS DATA SET DATA SETS DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DRIVERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMICS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNICITY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FISCAL POLICY FREE MARKETS FRIENDS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH POLICIES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME ELASTICITY INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOME MEASURES INCOMES INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOUR LABOUR SUPPLY LOG INCOME LOWER CLASS M1 M2 M3 MARKET ECONOMY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASUREMENT ERRORS MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASSES NATIONAL ECONOMY NEGATIVE CORRELATION OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE OCCUPATIONS PARENTS PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOME LEVEL PERMANENT INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SYSTEM POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SERVICES REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE POSITION SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL CLASSES SOCIAL COHESION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL RELATIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIETY SOCIOLOGY TAXATION UPPER CLASS UPPER CLASSES VULNERABILITY WEALTH Middle class values have long been perceived as drivers of social cohesion and growth. This paper investigates the relation between class (measured by position in the income distribution), values, and political orientations using comparable values surveys for six Latin American countries. The analysis finds that both a continuous measure of income and categorical measures of income-based class are robustly associated with values. Both income and class tend to display a similar association to values and political orientations as education, although differences persist in some important dimensions. Overall, there is no strong evidence of any "middle class particularism": values appear to gradually shift with income, and middle class values are between the ones of poorer and richer classes. If any, the only peculiarity of middle class values is moderation. The analysis also finds changes in values across countries to be of much larger magnitude than the ones dictated by income, education, and individual characteristics, suggesting that individual values vary primarily within bounds dictated by each society. 2012-03-19T18:06:03Z 2012-03-19T18:06:03Z 2011-11-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111108082238 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3641 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5874 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain |
| institution |
Banco Mundial |
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Estados Unidos |
| countrycode |
US |
| component |
Bibliográfico |
| access |
En linea |
| databasecode |
dig-okr |
| tag |
biblioteca |
| region |
America del Norte |
| libraryname |
Biblioteca del Banco Mundial |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ALIENATION ASSETS AVERAGE INCOME CIVIC ENGAGEMENT COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY EFFECTS DATA SET DATA SETS DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DRIVERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMICS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNICITY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FISCAL POLICY FREE MARKETS FRIENDS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH POLICIES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME ELASTICITY INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOME MEASURES INCOMES INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOUR LABOUR SUPPLY LOG INCOME LOWER CLASS M1 M2 M3 MARKET ECONOMY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASUREMENT ERRORS MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASSES NATIONAL ECONOMY NEGATIVE CORRELATION OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE OCCUPATIONS PARENTS PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOME LEVEL PERMANENT INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SYSTEM POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SERVICES REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE POSITION SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL CLASSES SOCIAL COHESION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL RELATIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIETY SOCIOLOGY TAXATION UPPER CLASS UPPER CLASSES VULNERABILITY WEALTH ALIENATION ASSETS AVERAGE INCOME CIVIC ENGAGEMENT COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY EFFECTS DATA SET DATA SETS DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DRIVERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMICS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNICITY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FISCAL POLICY FREE MARKETS FRIENDS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH POLICIES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME ELASTICITY INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOME MEASURES INCOMES INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOUR LABOUR SUPPLY LOG INCOME LOWER CLASS M1 M2 M3 MARKET ECONOMY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASUREMENT ERRORS MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASSES NATIONAL ECONOMY NEGATIVE CORRELATION OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE OCCUPATIONS PARENTS PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOME LEVEL PERMANENT INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SYSTEM POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SERVICES REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE POSITION SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL CLASSES SOCIAL COHESION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL RELATIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIETY SOCIOLOGY TAXATION UPPER CLASS UPPER CLASSES VULNERABILITY WEALTH |
| spellingShingle |
ALIENATION ASSETS AVERAGE INCOME CIVIC ENGAGEMENT COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY EFFECTS DATA SET DATA SETS DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DRIVERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMICS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNICITY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FISCAL POLICY FREE MARKETS FRIENDS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH POLICIES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME ELASTICITY INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOME MEASURES INCOMES INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOUR LABOUR SUPPLY LOG INCOME LOWER CLASS M1 M2 M3 MARKET ECONOMY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASUREMENT ERRORS MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASSES NATIONAL ECONOMY NEGATIVE CORRELATION OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE OCCUPATIONS PARENTS PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOME LEVEL PERMANENT INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SYSTEM POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SERVICES REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE POSITION SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL CLASSES SOCIAL COHESION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL RELATIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIETY SOCIOLOGY TAXATION UPPER CLASS UPPER CLASSES VULNERABILITY WEALTH ALIENATION ASSETS AVERAGE INCOME CIVIC ENGAGEMENT COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY EFFECTS DATA SET DATA SETS DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DRIVERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMICS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNICITY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FISCAL POLICY FREE MARKETS FRIENDS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH POLICIES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME ELASTICITY INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOME MEASURES INCOMES INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOUR LABOUR SUPPLY LOG INCOME LOWER CLASS M1 M2 M3 MARKET ECONOMY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASUREMENT ERRORS MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASSES NATIONAL ECONOMY NEGATIVE CORRELATION OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE OCCUPATIONS PARENTS PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOME LEVEL PERMANENT INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SYSTEM POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SERVICES REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE POSITION SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL CLASSES SOCIAL COHESION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL RELATIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIETY SOCIOLOGY TAXATION UPPER CLASS UPPER CLASSES VULNERABILITY WEALTH Torche, Florencia Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Rigolini, Jamele Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America |
| description |
Middle class values have long been
perceived as drivers of social cohesion and growth. This
paper investigates the relation between class (measured by
position in the income distribution), values, and political
orientations using comparable values surveys for six Latin
American countries. The analysis finds that both a
continuous measure of income and categorical measures of
income-based class are robustly associated with values. Both
income and class tend to display a similar association to
values and political orientations as education, although
differences persist in some important dimensions. Overall,
there is no strong evidence of any "middle class
particularism": values appear to gradually shift with
income, and middle class values are between the ones of
poorer and richer classes. If any, the only peculiarity of
middle class values is moderation. The analysis also finds
changes in values across countries to be of much larger
magnitude than the ones dictated by income, education, and
individual characteristics, suggesting that individual
values vary primarily within bounds dictated by each society. |
| topic_facet |
ALIENATION ASSETS AVERAGE INCOME CIVIC ENGAGEMENT COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY EFFECTS DATA SET DATA SETS DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DRIVERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMICS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNICITY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FISCAL POLICY FREE MARKETS FRIENDS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH POLICIES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME ELASTICITY INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOME MEASURES INCOMES INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOUR LABOUR SUPPLY LOG INCOME LOWER CLASS M1 M2 M3 MARKET ECONOMY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASUREMENT ERRORS MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASSES NATIONAL ECONOMY NEGATIVE CORRELATION OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE OCCUPATIONS PARENTS PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOME LEVEL PERMANENT INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SYSTEM POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SERVICES REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE POSITION SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL CLASSES SOCIAL COHESION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL RELATIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIETY SOCIOLOGY TAXATION UPPER CLASS UPPER CLASSES VULNERABILITY WEALTH |
| author |
Torche, Florencia Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Rigolini, Jamele |
| author_facet |
Torche, Florencia Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Rigolini, Jamele |
| author_sort |
Torche, Florencia |
| title |
Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America |
| title_short |
Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America |
| title_full |
Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America |
| title_fullStr |
Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America |
| title_sort |
is there such thing as middle class values? class differences, values and political orientations in latin america |
| publishDate |
2011-11-01 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111108082238 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3641 |
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| _version_ |
1807157179219705856 |