Bank Ownership and Performance in the Middle East and North Africa Region

Although both domestic and foreign private banks have gained ground in MENA in recent years, state banks continue to play an important role in many countries. Using a MENA bank-level panel dataset for the period 2001-08, the paper contributes to the empirical literature by documenting recent ownership trends and assessing the role of ownership and bank performance in MENA while accounting for key bank characteristics such as size and balance sheet composition. The paper analyzes headline performance indicators as well as their key drivers and finds that state banks exhibit significantly weaker performance, despite their larger size. This result is mainly driven by a larger holding of government securities, higher costs due to larger staffing numbers, and larger loan loss provisions reflecting weaker asset quality. The results reflect both operational inefficiencies and policy mandates. The paper also provides a detailed performance analysis of foreign and listed banks. Foreign banks are fairly new in MENA, yet perform on par with domestic banks despite their smaller size and higher investment costs. Listed banks exhibit superior performance driven by higher interest margins even in the face of higher costs associated with listing. Taken together, the results do not reject the development role for state banks, but do show that their intervention comes at a cost. As such, there is scope to reduce the share of state banks in some countries and to clarify the mandates, improve the governance, and strengthen the operational efficiency of most state banks in MENA.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Farazi, Subika, Feyen, Erik, Rocha, Roberto
Language:English
Published: 2011-04-01
Subjects:ACCESS TO CREDIT, ACCESS TO FINANCE, ACCOUNTING, ADVISORY SERVICES, AGRICULTURAL BANKS, ASSET QUALITY, ASSETS RATIO, ASSETS RATIOS, ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION, AUCTIONS, BAILOUTS, BALANCE SHEET, BANK ASSETS, BANK COMPETITION, BANK INTEREST MARGIN, BANK INTEREST MARGINS, BANK LENDING, BANK POLICY, BANK PRIVATIZATION, BANK PROFITABILITY, BANK REGULATION, BANK REGULATIONS, BANK SIZE, BANKING ASSETS, BANKING INSTITUTIONS, BANKING REGULATION, BANKING SECTOR, BANKING SECTORS, BANKING SYSTEM, BANKING SYSTEMS, BORROWINGS, BRANCH NETWORK, BRANCH NETWORKS, CAPITAL MARKET, COLLATERAL, COLLATERAL REGIMES, COMMERCIAL BANK, COMMERCIAL BANKS, COMMERCIAL LOANS, CONNECTED LENDING, CONSUMER LENDING, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, CREDIT ALLOCATION, CREDIT BUREAUS, CREDIT CARDS, CREDIT DECISIONS, CREDIT GROWTH, CREDIT GUARANTEE, CREDIT GUARANTEES, CREDIT INFORMATION, CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS, CREDIT MARKETS, CREDIT REGISTRIES, CREDIT REPORTING, CREDIT REPORTING SYSTEMS, CREDIT SCORING, CREDITOR, CREDITOR RIGHTS, CREDITS, DEBT FINANCE, DEFAULT RATES, DEMAND DEPOSITS, DEPOSIT, DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS, DEPOSITS, DERIVATIVES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT BANK, DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS, DIVERSIFICATION, DOMESTIC BANKS, DOMESTIC CREDIT, DUMMY VARIABLE, EARNING ASSETS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYMENT, ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTS, EQUALITY, EQUITY INVESTMENTS, EXCHANGE COMMISSIONS, EXIT MECHANISM, EXPATRIATE, EXTERNAL FUNDING, EXTERNALITIES, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION, FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION, FINANCIAL MARKET, FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, FINANCIAL SYSTEMS, FIXED ASSETS, FIXED COSTS, FOREIGN BANK, FOREIGN BANKS, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, GOVERNANCE STANDARDS, GOVERNMENT DEBT, GOVERNMENT FINANCING, GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP, GOVERNMENT SECURITIES, GUARANTEE SCHEMES, HELD TO MATURITY SECURITIES, HOLDING, HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, HOUSING FINANCE, IMPLICIT GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, INDIVIDUALS, INEQUALITY, INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES, INFORMATION SHARING, INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS, INSURANCE, INTANGIBLES, INTEREST COSTS, INTEREST EXPENSE, INTEREST INCOME, INTEREST MARGIN, INTEREST RATES, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL BANKS, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, INVESTMENT DECISIONS, INVESTMENT FINANCE, INVESTMENT LOANS, ISLAMIC BANK, ISLAMIC BANKING, ISLAMIC BANKS, JOINT VENTURE, LACK OF COMPETITION, LENDERS, LENDING TECHNIQUES, LETTERS OF CREDIT, LEVY, LIMITED, LOAN, LOAN LOSS PROVISIONS, LOAN PORTFOLIO, LOAN PORTFOLIOS, LOCAL BANKS, LOCAL MARKETS, LONG-TERM FUNDING, LONG-TERM INVESTMENT, MANDATES, MARKET FAILURES, MARKET INSTITUTIONS, MARKET PARTICIPANTS, MARKET SHARE, MARKET SHARES, MATURITY, MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY, MORTGAGE LOANS, NET INTEREST MARGIN, NON PERFORMING LOANS, NON-PERFORMING LOANS, NONPERFORMING LOANS, NPL, OPERATING COSTS, OPERATING EXPENSES, OPERATING INCOME, OVERHEAD COSTS, OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE, OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES, PARTIAL CREDIT, PENSION, PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS, PERSONNEL EXPENSES, PRIVATE BANK, PRIVATE BANKING, PRIVATE BANKS, PRIVATE CREDIT, PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAUS, PRIVATE OWNERSHIP, PRIVATIZATION, PROFITABILITY, PROFITABLE BUSINESS, PUBLIC BANKS, PUBLIC CREDIT, PUBLIC DEBT, REAL ESTATE, REGIONAL BANKS, REMITTANCES, RESERVE, RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE, RETURN, RETURN ON ASSETS, RETURN ON EQUITY, RETURNS, RETURNS ON EQUITY, RISK MANAGEMENT, SHARE OF GOVERNMENT SECURITIES, SHARE OF INVESTMENT, SHAREHOLDER, SHAREHOLDERS, SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS, SOCIAL SECURITY, STATE BANK, STATE BANKS, STATE ENTERPRISES, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, STOCK EXCHANGE, STOCK MARKET, STOCK MARKETS, STOCK OPTIONS, SUPERVISION OF BANKS, TAX, TRADE FINANCE, TRADING, UNION, URBAN AREAS, URBANIZATION, WAGES,
Online Access:http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110404090342
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3387
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record_format koha
institution Banco Mundial
collection DSpace
country Estados Unidos
countrycode US
component Bibliográfico
access En linea
databasecode dig-okr
tag biblioteca
region America del Norte
libraryname Biblioteca del Banco Mundial
language English
topic ACCESS TO CREDIT
ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCOUNTING
ADVISORY SERVICES
AGRICULTURAL BANKS
ASSET QUALITY
ASSETS RATIO
ASSETS RATIOS
ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION
AUCTIONS
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEET
BANK ASSETS
BANK COMPETITION
BANK INTEREST MARGIN
BANK INTEREST MARGINS
BANK LENDING
BANK POLICY
BANK PRIVATIZATION
BANK PROFITABILITY
BANK REGULATION
BANK REGULATIONS
BANK SIZE
BANKING ASSETS
BANKING INSTITUTIONS
BANKING REGULATION
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SECTORS
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKING SYSTEMS
BORROWINGS
BRANCH NETWORK
BRANCH NETWORKS
CAPITAL MARKET
COLLATERAL
COLLATERAL REGIMES
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMERCIAL LOANS
CONNECTED LENDING
CONSUMER LENDING
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
CREDIT ALLOCATION
CREDIT BUREAUS
CREDIT CARDS
CREDIT DECISIONS
CREDIT GROWTH
CREDIT GUARANTEE
CREDIT GUARANTEES
CREDIT INFORMATION
CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
CREDIT MARKETS
CREDIT REGISTRIES
CREDIT REPORTING
CREDIT REPORTING SYSTEMS
CREDIT SCORING
CREDITOR
CREDITOR RIGHTS
CREDITS
DEBT FINANCE
DEFAULT RATES
DEMAND DEPOSITS
DEPOSIT
DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS
DEPOSITS
DERIVATIVES
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
DIVERSIFICATION
DOMESTIC BANKS
DOMESTIC CREDIT
DUMMY VARIABLE
EARNING ASSETS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYMENT
ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTS
EQUALITY
EQUITY INVESTMENTS
EXCHANGE COMMISSIONS
EXIT MECHANISM
EXPATRIATE
EXTERNAL FUNDING
EXTERNALITIES
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FIXED ASSETS
FIXED COSTS
FOREIGN BANK
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
GOVERNANCE STANDARDS
GOVERNMENT DEBT
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
GUARANTEE SCHEMES
HELD TO MATURITY SECURITIES
HOLDING
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSING
HOUSING FINANCE
IMPLICIT GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE
INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES
INDIVIDUALS
INEQUALITY
INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES
INFORMATION SHARING
INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS
INSURANCE
INTANGIBLES
INTEREST COSTS
INTEREST EXPENSE
INTEREST INCOME
INTEREST MARGIN
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT FINANCE
INVESTMENT LOANS
ISLAMIC BANK
ISLAMIC BANKING
ISLAMIC BANKS
JOINT VENTURE
LACK OF COMPETITION
LENDERS
LENDING TECHNIQUES
LETTERS OF CREDIT
LEVY
LIMITED
LOAN
LOAN LOSS PROVISIONS
LOAN PORTFOLIO
LOAN PORTFOLIOS
LOCAL BANKS
LOCAL MARKETS
LONG-TERM FUNDING
LONG-TERM INVESTMENT
MANDATES
MARKET FAILURES
MARKET INSTITUTIONS
MARKET PARTICIPANTS
MARKET SHARE
MARKET SHARES
MATURITY
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY
MORTGAGE LOANS
NET INTEREST MARGIN
NON PERFORMING LOANS
NON-PERFORMING LOANS
NONPERFORMING LOANS
NPL
OPERATING COSTS
OPERATING EXPENSES
OPERATING INCOME
OVERHEAD COSTS
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES
PARTIAL CREDIT
PENSION
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
PERSONNEL EXPENSES
PRIVATE BANK
PRIVATE BANKING
PRIVATE BANKS
PRIVATE CREDIT
PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAUS
PRIVATE OWNERSHIP
PRIVATIZATION
PROFITABILITY
PROFITABLE BUSINESS
PUBLIC BANKS
PUBLIC CREDIT
PUBLIC DEBT
REAL ESTATE
REGIONAL BANKS
REMITTANCES
RESERVE
RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE
RETURN
RETURN ON ASSETS
RETURN ON EQUITY
RETURNS
RETURNS ON EQUITY
RISK MANAGEMENT
SHARE OF GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
SHARE OF INVESTMENT
SHAREHOLDER
SHAREHOLDERS
SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS
SOCIAL SECURITY
STATE BANK
STATE BANKS
STATE ENTERPRISES
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
STOCK EXCHANGE
STOCK MARKET
STOCK MARKETS
STOCK OPTIONS
SUPERVISION OF BANKS
TAX
TRADE FINANCE
TRADING
UNION
URBAN AREAS
URBANIZATION
WAGES
ACCESS TO CREDIT
ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCOUNTING
ADVISORY SERVICES
AGRICULTURAL BANKS
ASSET QUALITY
ASSETS RATIO
ASSETS RATIOS
ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION
AUCTIONS
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEET
BANK ASSETS
BANK COMPETITION
BANK INTEREST MARGIN
BANK INTEREST MARGINS
BANK LENDING
BANK POLICY
BANK PRIVATIZATION
BANK PROFITABILITY
BANK REGULATION
BANK REGULATIONS
BANK SIZE
BANKING ASSETS
BANKING INSTITUTIONS
BANKING REGULATION
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SECTORS
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKING SYSTEMS
BORROWINGS
BRANCH NETWORK
BRANCH NETWORKS
CAPITAL MARKET
COLLATERAL
COLLATERAL REGIMES
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMERCIAL LOANS
CONNECTED LENDING
CONSUMER LENDING
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
CREDIT ALLOCATION
CREDIT BUREAUS
CREDIT CARDS
CREDIT DECISIONS
CREDIT GROWTH
CREDIT GUARANTEE
CREDIT GUARANTEES
CREDIT INFORMATION
CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
CREDIT MARKETS
CREDIT REGISTRIES
CREDIT REPORTING
CREDIT REPORTING SYSTEMS
CREDIT SCORING
CREDITOR
CREDITOR RIGHTS
CREDITS
DEBT FINANCE
DEFAULT RATES
DEMAND DEPOSITS
DEPOSIT
DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS
DEPOSITS
DERIVATIVES
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
DIVERSIFICATION
DOMESTIC BANKS
DOMESTIC CREDIT
DUMMY VARIABLE
EARNING ASSETS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYMENT
ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTS
EQUALITY
EQUITY INVESTMENTS
EXCHANGE COMMISSIONS
EXIT MECHANISM
EXPATRIATE
EXTERNAL FUNDING
EXTERNALITIES
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FIXED ASSETS
FIXED COSTS
FOREIGN BANK
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
GOVERNANCE STANDARDS
GOVERNMENT DEBT
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
GUARANTEE SCHEMES
HELD TO MATURITY SECURITIES
HOLDING
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSING
HOUSING FINANCE
IMPLICIT GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE
INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES
INDIVIDUALS
INEQUALITY
INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES
INFORMATION SHARING
INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS
INSURANCE
INTANGIBLES
INTEREST COSTS
INTEREST EXPENSE
INTEREST INCOME
INTEREST MARGIN
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT FINANCE
INVESTMENT LOANS
ISLAMIC BANK
ISLAMIC BANKING
ISLAMIC BANKS
JOINT VENTURE
LACK OF COMPETITION
LENDERS
LENDING TECHNIQUES
LETTERS OF CREDIT
LEVY
LIMITED
LOAN
LOAN LOSS PROVISIONS
LOAN PORTFOLIO
LOAN PORTFOLIOS
LOCAL BANKS
LOCAL MARKETS
LONG-TERM FUNDING
LONG-TERM INVESTMENT
MANDATES
MARKET FAILURES
MARKET INSTITUTIONS
MARKET PARTICIPANTS
MARKET SHARE
MARKET SHARES
MATURITY
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY
MORTGAGE LOANS
NET INTEREST MARGIN
NON PERFORMING LOANS
NON-PERFORMING LOANS
NONPERFORMING LOANS
NPL
OPERATING COSTS
OPERATING EXPENSES
OPERATING INCOME
OVERHEAD COSTS
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES
PARTIAL CREDIT
PENSION
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
PERSONNEL EXPENSES
PRIVATE BANK
PRIVATE BANKING
PRIVATE BANKS
PRIVATE CREDIT
PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAUS
PRIVATE OWNERSHIP
PRIVATIZATION
PROFITABILITY
PROFITABLE BUSINESS
PUBLIC BANKS
PUBLIC CREDIT
PUBLIC DEBT
REAL ESTATE
REGIONAL BANKS
REMITTANCES
RESERVE
RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE
RETURN
RETURN ON ASSETS
RETURN ON EQUITY
RETURNS
RETURNS ON EQUITY
RISK MANAGEMENT
SHARE OF GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
SHARE OF INVESTMENT
SHAREHOLDER
SHAREHOLDERS
SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS
SOCIAL SECURITY
STATE BANK
STATE BANKS
STATE ENTERPRISES
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
STOCK EXCHANGE
STOCK MARKET
STOCK MARKETS
STOCK OPTIONS
SUPERVISION OF BANKS
TAX
TRADE FINANCE
TRADING
UNION
URBAN AREAS
URBANIZATION
WAGES
spellingShingle ACCESS TO CREDIT
ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCOUNTING
ADVISORY SERVICES
AGRICULTURAL BANKS
ASSET QUALITY
ASSETS RATIO
ASSETS RATIOS
ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION
AUCTIONS
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEET
BANK ASSETS
BANK COMPETITION
BANK INTEREST MARGIN
BANK INTEREST MARGINS
BANK LENDING
BANK POLICY
BANK PRIVATIZATION
BANK PROFITABILITY
BANK REGULATION
BANK REGULATIONS
BANK SIZE
BANKING ASSETS
BANKING INSTITUTIONS
BANKING REGULATION
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SECTORS
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKING SYSTEMS
BORROWINGS
BRANCH NETWORK
BRANCH NETWORKS
CAPITAL MARKET
COLLATERAL
COLLATERAL REGIMES
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMERCIAL LOANS
CONNECTED LENDING
CONSUMER LENDING
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
CREDIT ALLOCATION
CREDIT BUREAUS
CREDIT CARDS
CREDIT DECISIONS
CREDIT GROWTH
CREDIT GUARANTEE
CREDIT GUARANTEES
CREDIT INFORMATION
CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
CREDIT MARKETS
CREDIT REGISTRIES
CREDIT REPORTING
CREDIT REPORTING SYSTEMS
CREDIT SCORING
CREDITOR
CREDITOR RIGHTS
CREDITS
DEBT FINANCE
DEFAULT RATES
DEMAND DEPOSITS
DEPOSIT
DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS
DEPOSITS
DERIVATIVES
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
DIVERSIFICATION
DOMESTIC BANKS
DOMESTIC CREDIT
DUMMY VARIABLE
EARNING ASSETS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYMENT
ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTS
EQUALITY
EQUITY INVESTMENTS
EXCHANGE COMMISSIONS
EXIT MECHANISM
EXPATRIATE
EXTERNAL FUNDING
EXTERNALITIES
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FIXED ASSETS
FIXED COSTS
FOREIGN BANK
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
GOVERNANCE STANDARDS
GOVERNMENT DEBT
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
GUARANTEE SCHEMES
HELD TO MATURITY SECURITIES
HOLDING
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSING
HOUSING FINANCE
IMPLICIT GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE
INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES
INDIVIDUALS
INEQUALITY
INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES
INFORMATION SHARING
INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS
INSURANCE
INTANGIBLES
INTEREST COSTS
INTEREST EXPENSE
INTEREST INCOME
INTEREST MARGIN
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT FINANCE
INVESTMENT LOANS
ISLAMIC BANK
ISLAMIC BANKING
ISLAMIC BANKS
JOINT VENTURE
LACK OF COMPETITION
LENDERS
LENDING TECHNIQUES
LETTERS OF CREDIT
LEVY
LIMITED
LOAN
LOAN LOSS PROVISIONS
LOAN PORTFOLIO
LOAN PORTFOLIOS
LOCAL BANKS
LOCAL MARKETS
LONG-TERM FUNDING
LONG-TERM INVESTMENT
MANDATES
MARKET FAILURES
MARKET INSTITUTIONS
MARKET PARTICIPANTS
MARKET SHARE
MARKET SHARES
MATURITY
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY
MORTGAGE LOANS
NET INTEREST MARGIN
NON PERFORMING LOANS
NON-PERFORMING LOANS
NONPERFORMING LOANS
NPL
OPERATING COSTS
OPERATING EXPENSES
OPERATING INCOME
OVERHEAD COSTS
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES
PARTIAL CREDIT
PENSION
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
PERSONNEL EXPENSES
PRIVATE BANK
PRIVATE BANKING
PRIVATE BANKS
PRIVATE CREDIT
PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAUS
PRIVATE OWNERSHIP
PRIVATIZATION
PROFITABILITY
PROFITABLE BUSINESS
PUBLIC BANKS
PUBLIC CREDIT
PUBLIC DEBT
REAL ESTATE
REGIONAL BANKS
REMITTANCES
RESERVE
RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE
RETURN
RETURN ON ASSETS
RETURN ON EQUITY
RETURNS
RETURNS ON EQUITY
RISK MANAGEMENT
SHARE OF GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
SHARE OF INVESTMENT
SHAREHOLDER
SHAREHOLDERS
SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS
SOCIAL SECURITY
STATE BANK
STATE BANKS
STATE ENTERPRISES
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
STOCK EXCHANGE
STOCK MARKET
STOCK MARKETS
STOCK OPTIONS
SUPERVISION OF BANKS
TAX
TRADE FINANCE
TRADING
UNION
URBAN AREAS
URBANIZATION
WAGES
ACCESS TO CREDIT
ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCOUNTING
ADVISORY SERVICES
AGRICULTURAL BANKS
ASSET QUALITY
ASSETS RATIO
ASSETS RATIOS
ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION
AUCTIONS
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEET
BANK ASSETS
BANK COMPETITION
BANK INTEREST MARGIN
BANK INTEREST MARGINS
BANK LENDING
BANK POLICY
BANK PRIVATIZATION
BANK PROFITABILITY
BANK REGULATION
BANK REGULATIONS
BANK SIZE
BANKING ASSETS
BANKING INSTITUTIONS
BANKING REGULATION
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SECTORS
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKING SYSTEMS
BORROWINGS
BRANCH NETWORK
BRANCH NETWORKS
CAPITAL MARKET
COLLATERAL
COLLATERAL REGIMES
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMERCIAL LOANS
CONNECTED LENDING
CONSUMER LENDING
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
CREDIT ALLOCATION
CREDIT BUREAUS
CREDIT CARDS
CREDIT DECISIONS
CREDIT GROWTH
CREDIT GUARANTEE
CREDIT GUARANTEES
CREDIT INFORMATION
CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
CREDIT MARKETS
CREDIT REGISTRIES
CREDIT REPORTING
CREDIT REPORTING SYSTEMS
CREDIT SCORING
CREDITOR
CREDITOR RIGHTS
CREDITS
DEBT FINANCE
DEFAULT RATES
DEMAND DEPOSITS
DEPOSIT
DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS
DEPOSITS
DERIVATIVES
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
DIVERSIFICATION
DOMESTIC BANKS
DOMESTIC CREDIT
DUMMY VARIABLE
EARNING ASSETS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYMENT
ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTS
EQUALITY
EQUITY INVESTMENTS
EXCHANGE COMMISSIONS
EXIT MECHANISM
EXPATRIATE
EXTERNAL FUNDING
EXTERNALITIES
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FIXED ASSETS
FIXED COSTS
FOREIGN BANK
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
GOVERNANCE STANDARDS
GOVERNMENT DEBT
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
GUARANTEE SCHEMES
HELD TO MATURITY SECURITIES
HOLDING
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSING
HOUSING FINANCE
IMPLICIT GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE
INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES
INDIVIDUALS
INEQUALITY
INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES
INFORMATION SHARING
INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS
INSURANCE
INTANGIBLES
INTEREST COSTS
INTEREST EXPENSE
INTEREST INCOME
INTEREST MARGIN
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT FINANCE
INVESTMENT LOANS
ISLAMIC BANK
ISLAMIC BANKING
ISLAMIC BANKS
JOINT VENTURE
LACK OF COMPETITION
LENDERS
LENDING TECHNIQUES
LETTERS OF CREDIT
LEVY
LIMITED
LOAN
LOAN LOSS PROVISIONS
LOAN PORTFOLIO
LOAN PORTFOLIOS
LOCAL BANKS
LOCAL MARKETS
LONG-TERM FUNDING
LONG-TERM INVESTMENT
MANDATES
MARKET FAILURES
MARKET INSTITUTIONS
MARKET PARTICIPANTS
MARKET SHARE
MARKET SHARES
MATURITY
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY
MORTGAGE LOANS
NET INTEREST MARGIN
NON PERFORMING LOANS
NON-PERFORMING LOANS
NONPERFORMING LOANS
NPL
OPERATING COSTS
OPERATING EXPENSES
OPERATING INCOME
OVERHEAD COSTS
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES
PARTIAL CREDIT
PENSION
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
PERSONNEL EXPENSES
PRIVATE BANK
PRIVATE BANKING
PRIVATE BANKS
PRIVATE CREDIT
PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAUS
PRIVATE OWNERSHIP
PRIVATIZATION
PROFITABILITY
PROFITABLE BUSINESS
PUBLIC BANKS
PUBLIC CREDIT
PUBLIC DEBT
REAL ESTATE
REGIONAL BANKS
REMITTANCES
RESERVE
RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE
RETURN
RETURN ON ASSETS
RETURN ON EQUITY
RETURNS
RETURNS ON EQUITY
RISK MANAGEMENT
SHARE OF GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
SHARE OF INVESTMENT
SHAREHOLDER
SHAREHOLDERS
SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS
SOCIAL SECURITY
STATE BANK
STATE BANKS
STATE ENTERPRISES
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
STOCK EXCHANGE
STOCK MARKET
STOCK MARKETS
STOCK OPTIONS
SUPERVISION OF BANKS
TAX
TRADE FINANCE
TRADING
UNION
URBAN AREAS
URBANIZATION
WAGES
Farazi, Subika
Feyen, Erik
Rocha, Roberto
Bank Ownership and Performance in the Middle East and North Africa Region
description Although both domestic and foreign private banks have gained ground in MENA in recent years, state banks continue to play an important role in many countries. Using a MENA bank-level panel dataset for the period 2001-08, the paper contributes to the empirical literature by documenting recent ownership trends and assessing the role of ownership and bank performance in MENA while accounting for key bank characteristics such as size and balance sheet composition. The paper analyzes headline performance indicators as well as their key drivers and finds that state banks exhibit significantly weaker performance, despite their larger size. This result is mainly driven by a larger holding of government securities, higher costs due to larger staffing numbers, and larger loan loss provisions reflecting weaker asset quality. The results reflect both operational inefficiencies and policy mandates. The paper also provides a detailed performance analysis of foreign and listed banks. Foreign banks are fairly new in MENA, yet perform on par with domestic banks despite their smaller size and higher investment costs. Listed banks exhibit superior performance driven by higher interest margins even in the face of higher costs associated with listing. Taken together, the results do not reject the development role for state banks, but do show that their intervention comes at a cost. As such, there is scope to reduce the share of state banks in some countries and to clarify the mandates, improve the governance, and strengthen the operational efficiency of most state banks in MENA.
topic_facet ACCESS TO CREDIT
ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCOUNTING
ADVISORY SERVICES
AGRICULTURAL BANKS
ASSET QUALITY
ASSETS RATIO
ASSETS RATIOS
ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION
AUCTIONS
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEET
BANK ASSETS
BANK COMPETITION
BANK INTEREST MARGIN
BANK INTEREST MARGINS
BANK LENDING
BANK POLICY
BANK PRIVATIZATION
BANK PROFITABILITY
BANK REGULATION
BANK REGULATIONS
BANK SIZE
BANKING ASSETS
BANKING INSTITUTIONS
BANKING REGULATION
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SECTORS
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKING SYSTEMS
BORROWINGS
BRANCH NETWORK
BRANCH NETWORKS
CAPITAL MARKET
COLLATERAL
COLLATERAL REGIMES
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMERCIAL LOANS
CONNECTED LENDING
CONSUMER LENDING
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
CREDIT ALLOCATION
CREDIT BUREAUS
CREDIT CARDS
CREDIT DECISIONS
CREDIT GROWTH
CREDIT GUARANTEE
CREDIT GUARANTEES
CREDIT INFORMATION
CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
CREDIT MARKETS
CREDIT REGISTRIES
CREDIT REPORTING
CREDIT REPORTING SYSTEMS
CREDIT SCORING
CREDITOR
CREDITOR RIGHTS
CREDITS
DEBT FINANCE
DEFAULT RATES
DEMAND DEPOSITS
DEPOSIT
DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS
DEPOSITS
DERIVATIVES
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
DIVERSIFICATION
DOMESTIC BANKS
DOMESTIC CREDIT
DUMMY VARIABLE
EARNING ASSETS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYMENT
ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTS
EQUALITY
EQUITY INVESTMENTS
EXCHANGE COMMISSIONS
EXIT MECHANISM
EXPATRIATE
EXTERNAL FUNDING
EXTERNALITIES
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FIXED ASSETS
FIXED COSTS
FOREIGN BANK
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
GOVERNANCE STANDARDS
GOVERNMENT DEBT
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
GUARANTEE SCHEMES
HELD TO MATURITY SECURITIES
HOLDING
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSING
HOUSING FINANCE
IMPLICIT GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE
INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES
INDIVIDUALS
INEQUALITY
INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES
INFORMATION SHARING
INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS
INSURANCE
INTANGIBLES
INTEREST COSTS
INTEREST EXPENSE
INTEREST INCOME
INTEREST MARGIN
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT FINANCE
INVESTMENT LOANS
ISLAMIC BANK
ISLAMIC BANKING
ISLAMIC BANKS
JOINT VENTURE
LACK OF COMPETITION
LENDERS
LENDING TECHNIQUES
LETTERS OF CREDIT
LEVY
LIMITED
LOAN
LOAN LOSS PROVISIONS
LOAN PORTFOLIO
LOAN PORTFOLIOS
LOCAL BANKS
LOCAL MARKETS
LONG-TERM FUNDING
LONG-TERM INVESTMENT
MANDATES
MARKET FAILURES
MARKET INSTITUTIONS
MARKET PARTICIPANTS
MARKET SHARE
MARKET SHARES
MATURITY
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY
MORTGAGE LOANS
NET INTEREST MARGIN
NON PERFORMING LOANS
NON-PERFORMING LOANS
NONPERFORMING LOANS
NPL
OPERATING COSTS
OPERATING EXPENSES
OPERATING INCOME
OVERHEAD COSTS
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES
PARTIAL CREDIT
PENSION
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
PERSONNEL EXPENSES
PRIVATE BANK
PRIVATE BANKING
PRIVATE BANKS
PRIVATE CREDIT
PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAUS
PRIVATE OWNERSHIP
PRIVATIZATION
PROFITABILITY
PROFITABLE BUSINESS
PUBLIC BANKS
PUBLIC CREDIT
PUBLIC DEBT
REAL ESTATE
REGIONAL BANKS
REMITTANCES
RESERVE
RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE
RETURN
RETURN ON ASSETS
RETURN ON EQUITY
RETURNS
RETURNS ON EQUITY
RISK MANAGEMENT
SHARE OF GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
SHARE OF INVESTMENT
SHAREHOLDER
SHAREHOLDERS
SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS
SOCIAL SECURITY
STATE BANK
STATE BANKS
STATE ENTERPRISES
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
STOCK EXCHANGE
STOCK MARKET
STOCK MARKETS
STOCK OPTIONS
SUPERVISION OF BANKS
TAX
TRADE FINANCE
TRADING
UNION
URBAN AREAS
URBANIZATION
WAGES
author Farazi, Subika
Feyen, Erik
Rocha, Roberto
author_facet Farazi, Subika
Feyen, Erik
Rocha, Roberto
author_sort Farazi, Subika
title Bank Ownership and Performance in the Middle East and North Africa Region
title_short Bank Ownership and Performance in the Middle East and North Africa Region
title_full Bank Ownership and Performance in the Middle East and North Africa Region
title_fullStr Bank Ownership and Performance in the Middle East and North Africa Region
title_full_unstemmed Bank Ownership and Performance in the Middle East and North Africa Region
title_sort bank ownership and performance in the middle east and north africa region
publishDate 2011-04-01
url http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110404090342
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3387
work_keys_str_mv AT farazisubika bankownershipandperformanceinthemiddleeastandnorthafricaregion
AT feyenerik bankownershipandperformanceinthemiddleeastandnorthafricaregion
AT rocharoberto bankownershipandperformanceinthemiddleeastandnorthafricaregion
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spelling dig-okr-1098633872024-08-08T15:44:47Z Bank Ownership and Performance in the Middle East and North Africa Region Farazi, Subika Feyen, Erik Rocha, Roberto ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCOUNTING ADVISORY SERVICES AGRICULTURAL BANKS ASSET QUALITY ASSETS RATIO ASSETS RATIOS ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION AUCTIONS BAILOUTS BALANCE SHEET BANK ASSETS BANK COMPETITION BANK INTEREST MARGIN BANK INTEREST MARGINS BANK LENDING BANK POLICY BANK PRIVATIZATION BANK PROFITABILITY BANK REGULATION BANK REGULATIONS BANK SIZE BANKING ASSETS BANKING INSTITUTIONS BANKING REGULATION BANKING SECTOR BANKING SECTORS BANKING SYSTEM BANKING SYSTEMS BORROWINGS BRANCH NETWORK BRANCH NETWORKS CAPITAL MARKET COLLATERAL COLLATERAL REGIMES COMMERCIAL BANK COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMERCIAL LOANS CONNECTED LENDING CONSUMER LENDING CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CREDIT ALLOCATION CREDIT BUREAUS CREDIT CARDS CREDIT DECISIONS CREDIT GROWTH CREDIT GUARANTEE CREDIT GUARANTEES CREDIT INFORMATION CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS CREDIT MARKETS CREDIT REGISTRIES CREDIT REPORTING CREDIT REPORTING SYSTEMS CREDIT SCORING CREDITOR CREDITOR RIGHTS CREDITS DEBT FINANCE DEFAULT RATES DEMAND DEPOSITS DEPOSIT DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS DEPOSITS DERIVATIVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC BANKS DOMESTIC CREDIT DUMMY VARIABLE EARNING ASSETS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIES OF SCALE EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTS EQUALITY EQUITY INVESTMENTS EXCHANGE COMMISSIONS EXIT MECHANISM EXPATRIATE EXTERNAL FUNDING EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION FINANCIAL MARKET FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCIAL SYSTEMS FIXED ASSETS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN BANK FOREIGN BANKS FOREIGN EXCHANGE GOVERNANCE STANDARDS GOVERNMENT DEBT GOVERNMENT FINANCING GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP GOVERNMENT SECURITIES GUARANTEE SCHEMES HELD TO MATURITY SECURITIES HOLDING HOUSEHOLDS HOUSING HOUSING FINANCE IMPLICIT GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES INDIVIDUALS INEQUALITY INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES INFORMATION SHARING INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS INSURANCE INTANGIBLES INTEREST COSTS INTEREST EXPENSE INTEREST INCOME INTEREST MARGIN INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL BANKS INTERNATIONAL FINANCE INVESTMENT DECISIONS INVESTMENT FINANCE INVESTMENT LOANS ISLAMIC BANK ISLAMIC BANKING ISLAMIC BANKS JOINT VENTURE LACK OF COMPETITION LENDERS LENDING TECHNIQUES LETTERS OF CREDIT LEVY LIMITED LOAN LOAN LOSS PROVISIONS LOAN PORTFOLIO LOAN PORTFOLIOS LOCAL BANKS LOCAL MARKETS LONG-TERM FUNDING LONG-TERM INVESTMENT MANDATES MARKET FAILURES MARKET INSTITUTIONS MARKET PARTICIPANTS MARKET SHARE MARKET SHARES MATURITY MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY MORTGAGE LOANS NET INTEREST MARGIN NON PERFORMING LOANS NON-PERFORMING LOANS NONPERFORMING LOANS NPL OPERATING COSTS OPERATING EXPENSES OPERATING INCOME OVERHEAD COSTS OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES PARTIAL CREDIT PENSION PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS PERSONNEL EXPENSES PRIVATE BANK PRIVATE BANKING PRIVATE BANKS PRIVATE CREDIT PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAUS PRIVATE OWNERSHIP PRIVATIZATION PROFITABILITY PROFITABLE BUSINESS PUBLIC BANKS PUBLIC CREDIT PUBLIC DEBT REAL ESTATE REGIONAL BANKS REMITTANCES RESERVE RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE RETURN RETURN ON ASSETS RETURN ON EQUITY RETURNS RETURNS ON EQUITY RISK MANAGEMENT SHARE OF GOVERNMENT SECURITIES SHARE OF INVESTMENT SHAREHOLDER SHAREHOLDERS SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS SOCIAL SECURITY STATE BANK STATE BANKS STATE ENTERPRISES STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STOCK EXCHANGE STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKETS STOCK OPTIONS SUPERVISION OF BANKS TAX TRADE FINANCE TRADING UNION URBAN AREAS URBANIZATION WAGES Although both domestic and foreign private banks have gained ground in MENA in recent years, state banks continue to play an important role in many countries. Using a MENA bank-level panel dataset for the period 2001-08, the paper contributes to the empirical literature by documenting recent ownership trends and assessing the role of ownership and bank performance in MENA while accounting for key bank characteristics such as size and balance sheet composition. The paper analyzes headline performance indicators as well as their key drivers and finds that state banks exhibit significantly weaker performance, despite their larger size. This result is mainly driven by a larger holding of government securities, higher costs due to larger staffing numbers, and larger loan loss provisions reflecting weaker asset quality. The results reflect both operational inefficiencies and policy mandates. The paper also provides a detailed performance analysis of foreign and listed banks. Foreign banks are fairly new in MENA, yet perform on par with domestic banks despite their smaller size and higher investment costs. Listed banks exhibit superior performance driven by higher interest margins even in the face of higher costs associated with listing. Taken together, the results do not reject the development role for state banks, but do show that their intervention comes at a cost. As such, there is scope to reduce the share of state banks in some countries and to clarify the mandates, improve the governance, and strengthen the operational efficiency of most state banks in MENA. 2012-03-19T18:01:33Z 2012-03-19T18:01:33Z 2011-04-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110404090342 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3387 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5620 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain