The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India
Since the 1990s, India has seen robust economic growth, rising wages, steady fertility decline, increased urbanization, and expanded educational attainment for males and females. But unlike other countries that have undergone similar transitions, urban women's employment has refused to budge, never crossing the 25 percent mark. This paper fills a critical gap in policy research on women's employment in India. The discussion is situated in the normative construction of motherhood and the gendered nature of caregiving in India. The analysis uses pooled data from six rounds of the National Sample Surveys to examine the effects of having a young child on mothers' employment in urban India over 1983-2011. The analysis also looks at household structure, and analyzes the effects of other household members on women's labor supply. The results show that although the onus of childbearing may have reduced, that of caregiving has increased. Having a young child in the home depresses mothers' employment, an inverse relationship that has intensified over time. Further, living in a household with older children and women over the age of 50 is positively associated with women's employment. These results show that the care of young children is an increasingly important issue in women's employment decisions, in a context where formal childcare is practically nonexistent. These results have significant implications for policy to raise women’s labor force participation in India.
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Format: | Working Paper biblioteca |
Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2017-03
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Subjects: | GENDER, LABOR MARKET, MOTHERHOOD, WOMEN IN WORKFORCE, |
Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/417411489495483028/The-motherhood-penalty-and-female-employment-in-urban-India https://hdl.handle.net/10986/26347 |
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dig-okr-10986263472024-08-09T09:06:46Z The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India Zumbyte, Ieva Das, Maitreyi Bordia GENDER LABOR MARKET MOTHERHOOD WOMEN IN WORKFORCE Since the 1990s, India has seen robust economic growth, rising wages, steady fertility decline, increased urbanization, and expanded educational attainment for males and females. But unlike other countries that have undergone similar transitions, urban women's employment has refused to budge, never crossing the 25 percent mark. This paper fills a critical gap in policy research on women's employment in India. The discussion is situated in the normative construction of motherhood and the gendered nature of caregiving in India. The analysis uses pooled data from six rounds of the National Sample Surveys to examine the effects of having a young child on mothers' employment in urban India over 1983-2011. The analysis also looks at household structure, and analyzes the effects of other household members on women's labor supply. The results show that although the onus of childbearing may have reduced, that of caregiving has increased. Having a young child in the home depresses mothers' employment, an inverse relationship that has intensified over time. Further, living in a household with older children and women over the age of 50 is positively associated with women's employment. These results show that the care of young children is an increasingly important issue in women's employment decisions, in a context where formal childcare is practically nonexistent. These results have significant implications for policy to raise women’s labor force participation in India. 2017-04-12T21:29:35Z 2017-04-12T21:29:35Z 2017-03 Working Paper Document de travail Documento de trabajo http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/417411489495483028/The-motherhood-penalty-and-female-employment-in-urban-India https://hdl.handle.net/10986/26347 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 8004 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, DC |
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GENDER LABOR MARKET MOTHERHOOD WOMEN IN WORKFORCE GENDER LABOR MARKET MOTHERHOOD WOMEN IN WORKFORCE |
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GENDER LABOR MARKET MOTHERHOOD WOMEN IN WORKFORCE GENDER LABOR MARKET MOTHERHOOD WOMEN IN WORKFORCE Zumbyte, Ieva Das, Maitreyi Bordia The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India |
description |
Since the 1990s, India has seen robust
economic growth, rising wages, steady fertility decline,
increased urbanization, and expanded educational attainment
for males and females. But unlike other countries that have
undergone similar transitions, urban women's employment
has refused to budge, never crossing the 25 percent mark.
This paper fills a critical gap in policy research on
women's employment in India. The discussion is situated
in the normative construction of motherhood and the gendered
nature of caregiving in India. The analysis uses pooled data
from six rounds of the National Sample Surveys to examine
the effects of having a young child on mothers'
employment in urban India over 1983-2011. The analysis also
looks at household structure, and analyzes the effects of
other household members on women's labor supply. The
results show that although the onus of childbearing may have
reduced, that of caregiving has increased. Having a young
child in the home depresses mothers' employment, an
inverse relationship that has intensified over time.
Further, living in a household with older children and women
over the age of 50 is positively associated with
women's employment. These results show that the care of
young children is an increasingly important issue in
women's employment decisions, in a context where formal
childcare is practically nonexistent. These results have
significant implications for policy to raise women’s labor
force participation in India. |
format |
Working Paper |
topic_facet |
GENDER LABOR MARKET MOTHERHOOD WOMEN IN WORKFORCE |
author |
Zumbyte, Ieva Das, Maitreyi Bordia |
author_facet |
Zumbyte, Ieva Das, Maitreyi Bordia |
author_sort |
Zumbyte, Ieva |
title |
The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India |
title_short |
The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India |
title_full |
The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India |
title_fullStr |
The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India |
title_sort |
motherhood penalty and female employment in urban india |
publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
publishDate |
2017-03 |
url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/417411489495483028/The-motherhood-penalty-and-female-employment-in-urban-India https://hdl.handle.net/10986/26347 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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_version_ |
1807158757573001216 |