Decentralization and Local Democracy in the World : First Global Report by United Cities and Local Governments 2008

This overall picture of decentralization and local democracy in African countries shows significant progress at the strictly institutional level. No country now publicly opposes the implementation of decentralization policies. Local governments exist in all countries, and elections are held to elect local authorities. The extent of such progress must, however, be set against a number of persistent obstacles that continue to hinder a real progression of decentralization in Africa. Difficulties remain within states concerning the transfer of financial resources needed to match the devolved responsibilities. Local governments also face difficulties in increasing their own resources (aside from state-transfers and grants) at a faster pace. Ensuring the availability of qualified human resources at the local level and improving public access to local services are also fundamental issues of concern.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: United Cities and Local Government, World Bank
Language:English
Published: Washington, DC: United Cities and Local Government and the World Bank 2009
Subjects:ACCOUNTABILITY, ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS, ADMINISTRATIVE AUTONOMY, ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITIES, ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY, ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION, ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTIONS, ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT, ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS, ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE, ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION, ASSETS, CABINET, CANDIDATES, CAPITAL CITIES, CAPITALS, CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION, CENTRAL CONTROL, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS, CITIZEN PARTICIPATION, CITIZENS, CITIZENSHIP, CIVIL SERVICE, CIVIL SOCIETY, COLONIES, CONSENSUS, CONSTITUENCIES, CONSTITUTION, CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM, CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS, CONSTITUTIONS, COUNCILS, COUPS D'ETAT, DECENTRALIZATION, DECENTRALIZATION IN GOVERNMENT, DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS, DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS, DECISION-MAKING, DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY, DECISION-MAKING POWER, DECONCENTRATION, DECREES, DEMOCRACY, DEMOCRATIC MODEL, DEMOCRATIZATION, DEVOLUTION, DIRECT DEMOCRACY, DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS, DISTRICTS, DIVISION OF POWERS, ELECTED OFFICIALS, ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES, ELECTION, EMPLOYMENT, EQUALIZATION, EXECUTIVE BODIES, EXECUTIVE POWER, EXPENDITURE, FEDERAL STATES, FEDERAL SYSTEMS, FINANCIAL AUTONOMY, FINANCIAL CAPACITY, FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FINANCIAL TRANSFERS, FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION, FISCAL POWER, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, GOOD GOVERNANCE, GOVERNANCE ISSUES, GOVERNMENT ACTION, GOVERNMENT FINANCE, GOVERNMENT LEVELS, GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES, GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES, GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS, GOVERNORS, GRANT ALLOCATION, HEADS OF STATE, HUMAN RESOURCE, HUMAN RESOURCES, INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS, INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS, INTERMEDIATE TIER OF GOVERNMENT, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL NETWORK, KINGDOMS, LAWS, LEGAL ENTITIES, LEGAL PROTECTION, LEGAL SYSTEM, LEGALITY, LEGISLATION, LEGISLATURE, LEGITIMACY, LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT, LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT, LOCAL ADMINISTRATION, LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, LOCAL AUTONOMY, LOCAL BODIES, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, LOCAL COMMUNITY, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL ECONOMY, LOCAL ELECTIONS, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES, LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE, LOCAL GOVERNMENT STAFF, LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOCAL INSTITUTIONS, LOCAL MANAGEMENT, LOCAL OFFICIALS, LOCAL PARTICIPATION, LOCAL POPULATION, LOCAL POPULATIONS, LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICES, LOCAL RESOURCE, LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT, LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT, LOCAL SERVICES, LOCAL TAX, LOCAL TAXES, MANDATES, MEMBER STATES, MINISTRY OF FINANCE, MONARCHY, MUNICIPAL, MUNICIPAL COUNCILS, MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT, MUNICIPAL PROPERTY, MUNICIPAL TAX, MUNICIPALITIES, MUNICIPALITY, NATIONAL BUDGET, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL TERRITORY, NATIONAL UNITY, NATIONS, NATURAL RESOURCES, PARLIAMENT, PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS, PARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY, PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY, PARTY AFFILIATION, POLITICAL PARTIES, POLITICAL POWER, POLITICAL SYSTEM, POLITICAL SYSTEMS, PREFECTURES, PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, PUBLIC AFFAIRS, PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, PUBLIC ENTERPRISES, PUBLIC GOVERNANCE, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, PUBLIC INTEREST, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, PUBLIC LAW, PUBLIC LIFE, PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC RESOURCES, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, RATIONALIZATION, REGIONAL INTEGRATION, REHABILITATION, REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY, REPUBLICS, RESOURCE MOBILIZATION, REVENUE COLLECTION, REVENUE MOBILIZATION, REVOLUTION, SERVICE DELIVERY, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL INCLUSION, STATE AUTHORITY, STATE POWER, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, SUFFRAGE, TAX COLLECTION, TAX RATES, TAX REVENUES, TAX SYSTEM, TAX SYSTEMS, TAXATION, TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION, TOWNSHIPS, TRANSFER OF RESPONSIBILITIES, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORT, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN GOVERNMENTS, URBAN SERVICES, URBANIZATION, VOTING,
Online Access:http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20090319030613
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2609
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record_format koha
institution Banco Mundial
collection DSpace
country Estados Unidos
countrycode US
component Bibliográfico
access En linea
databasecode dig-okr
tag biblioteca
region America del Norte
libraryname Biblioteca del Banco Mundial
language English
topic ACCOUNTABILITY
ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
ADMINISTRATIVE AUTONOMY
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITIES
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY
ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION
ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTIONS
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION
ASSETS
CABINET
CANDIDATES
CAPITAL CITIES
CAPITALS
CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION
CENTRAL CONTROL
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
CITIZENS
CITIZENSHIP
CIVIL SERVICE
CIVIL SOCIETY
COLONIES
CONSENSUS
CONSTITUENCIES
CONSTITUTION
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS
CONSTITUTIONS
COUNCILS
COUPS D'ETAT
DECENTRALIZATION
DECENTRALIZATION IN GOVERNMENT
DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS
DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS
DECISION-MAKING
DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY
DECISION-MAKING POWER
DECONCENTRATION
DECREES
DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRATIC MODEL
DEMOCRATIZATION
DEVOLUTION
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS
DISTRICTS
DIVISION OF POWERS
ELECTED OFFICIALS
ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES
ELECTION
EMPLOYMENT
EQUALIZATION
EXECUTIVE BODIES
EXECUTIVE POWER
EXPENDITURE
FEDERAL STATES
FEDERAL SYSTEMS
FINANCIAL AUTONOMY
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS
FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL TRANSFERS
FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION
FISCAL POWER
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
GOOD GOVERNANCE
GOVERNANCE ISSUES
GOVERNMENT ACTION
GOVERNMENT FINANCE
GOVERNMENT LEVELS
GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES
GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS
GOVERNORS
GRANT ALLOCATION
HEADS OF STATE
HUMAN RESOURCE
HUMAN RESOURCES
INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS
INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS
INTERMEDIATE TIER OF GOVERNMENT
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL NETWORK
KINGDOMS
LAWS
LEGAL ENTITIES
LEGAL PROTECTION
LEGAL SYSTEM
LEGALITY
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATURE
LEGITIMACY
LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT
LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
LOCAL ADMINISTRATION
LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
LOCAL AUTONOMY
LOCAL BODIES
LOCAL COMMUNITIES
LOCAL COMMUNITY
LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
LOCAL ECONOMY
LOCAL ELECTIONS
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES
LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT STAFF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
LOCAL INSTITUTIONS
LOCAL MANAGEMENT
LOCAL OFFICIALS
LOCAL PARTICIPATION
LOCAL POPULATION
LOCAL POPULATIONS
LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICES
LOCAL RESOURCE
LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
LOCAL SERVICES
LOCAL TAX
LOCAL TAXES
MANDATES
MEMBER STATES
MINISTRY OF FINANCE
MONARCHY
MUNICIPAL
MUNICIPAL COUNCILS
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT
MUNICIPAL PROPERTY
MUNICIPAL TAX
MUNICIPALITIES
MUNICIPALITY
NATIONAL BUDGET
NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
NATIONAL LEVEL
NATIONAL TERRITORY
NATIONAL UNITY
NATIONS
NATURAL RESOURCES
PARLIAMENT
PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS
PARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY
PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
PARTY AFFILIATION
POLITICAL PARTIES
POLITICAL POWER
POLITICAL SYSTEM
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
PREFECTURES
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PUBLIC AFFAIRS
PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
PUBLIC ENTERPRISES
PUBLIC GOVERNANCE
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
PUBLIC INTEREST
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
PUBLIC LAW
PUBLIC LIFE
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC POLICY
PUBLIC RESOURCES
PUBLIC SECTOR
PUBLIC SERVICES
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
RATIONALIZATION
REGIONAL INTEGRATION
REHABILITATION
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
REPUBLICS
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
REVENUE COLLECTION
REVENUE MOBILIZATION
REVOLUTION
SERVICE DELIVERY
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL INCLUSION
STATE AUTHORITY
STATE POWER
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
SUFFRAGE
TAX COLLECTION
TAX RATES
TAX REVENUES
TAX SYSTEM
TAX SYSTEMS
TAXATION
TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
TOWNSHIPS
TRANSFER OF RESPONSIBILITIES
TRANSPARENCY
TRANSPORT
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN GOVERNMENTS
URBAN SERVICES
URBANIZATION
VOTING
ACCOUNTABILITY
ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
ADMINISTRATIVE AUTONOMY
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITIES
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY
ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION
ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTIONS
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION
ASSETS
CABINET
CANDIDATES
CAPITAL CITIES
CAPITALS
CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION
CENTRAL CONTROL
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
CITIZENS
CITIZENSHIP
CIVIL SERVICE
CIVIL SOCIETY
COLONIES
CONSENSUS
CONSTITUENCIES
CONSTITUTION
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS
CONSTITUTIONS
COUNCILS
COUPS D'ETAT
DECENTRALIZATION
DECENTRALIZATION IN GOVERNMENT
DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS
DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS
DECISION-MAKING
DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY
DECISION-MAKING POWER
DECONCENTRATION
DECREES
DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRATIC MODEL
DEMOCRATIZATION
DEVOLUTION
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS
DISTRICTS
DIVISION OF POWERS
ELECTED OFFICIALS
ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES
ELECTION
EMPLOYMENT
EQUALIZATION
EXECUTIVE BODIES
EXECUTIVE POWER
EXPENDITURE
FEDERAL STATES
FEDERAL SYSTEMS
FINANCIAL AUTONOMY
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS
FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL TRANSFERS
FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION
FISCAL POWER
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
GOOD GOVERNANCE
GOVERNANCE ISSUES
GOVERNMENT ACTION
GOVERNMENT FINANCE
GOVERNMENT LEVELS
GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES
GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS
GOVERNORS
GRANT ALLOCATION
HEADS OF STATE
HUMAN RESOURCE
HUMAN RESOURCES
INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS
INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS
INTERMEDIATE TIER OF GOVERNMENT
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL NETWORK
KINGDOMS
LAWS
LEGAL ENTITIES
LEGAL PROTECTION
LEGAL SYSTEM
LEGALITY
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATURE
LEGITIMACY
LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT
LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
LOCAL ADMINISTRATION
LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
LOCAL AUTONOMY
LOCAL BODIES
LOCAL COMMUNITIES
LOCAL COMMUNITY
LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
LOCAL ECONOMY
LOCAL ELECTIONS
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES
LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT STAFF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
LOCAL INSTITUTIONS
LOCAL MANAGEMENT
LOCAL OFFICIALS
LOCAL PARTICIPATION
LOCAL POPULATION
LOCAL POPULATIONS
LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICES
LOCAL RESOURCE
LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
LOCAL SERVICES
LOCAL TAX
LOCAL TAXES
MANDATES
MEMBER STATES
MINISTRY OF FINANCE
MONARCHY
MUNICIPAL
MUNICIPAL COUNCILS
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT
MUNICIPAL PROPERTY
MUNICIPAL TAX
MUNICIPALITIES
MUNICIPALITY
NATIONAL BUDGET
NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
NATIONAL LEVEL
NATIONAL TERRITORY
NATIONAL UNITY
NATIONS
NATURAL RESOURCES
PARLIAMENT
PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS
PARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY
PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
PARTY AFFILIATION
POLITICAL PARTIES
POLITICAL POWER
POLITICAL SYSTEM
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
PREFECTURES
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PUBLIC AFFAIRS
PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
PUBLIC ENTERPRISES
PUBLIC GOVERNANCE
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
PUBLIC INTEREST
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
PUBLIC LAW
PUBLIC LIFE
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC POLICY
PUBLIC RESOURCES
PUBLIC SECTOR
PUBLIC SERVICES
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
RATIONALIZATION
REGIONAL INTEGRATION
REHABILITATION
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
REPUBLICS
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
REVENUE COLLECTION
REVENUE MOBILIZATION
REVOLUTION
SERVICE DELIVERY
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL INCLUSION
STATE AUTHORITY
STATE POWER
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
SUFFRAGE
TAX COLLECTION
TAX RATES
TAX REVENUES
TAX SYSTEM
TAX SYSTEMS
TAXATION
TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
TOWNSHIPS
TRANSFER OF RESPONSIBILITIES
TRANSPARENCY
TRANSPORT
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN GOVERNMENTS
URBAN SERVICES
URBANIZATION
VOTING
spellingShingle ACCOUNTABILITY
ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
ADMINISTRATIVE AUTONOMY
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITIES
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY
ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION
ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTIONS
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION
ASSETS
CABINET
CANDIDATES
CAPITAL CITIES
CAPITALS
CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION
CENTRAL CONTROL
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
CITIZENS
CITIZENSHIP
CIVIL SERVICE
CIVIL SOCIETY
COLONIES
CONSENSUS
CONSTITUENCIES
CONSTITUTION
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS
CONSTITUTIONS
COUNCILS
COUPS D'ETAT
DECENTRALIZATION
DECENTRALIZATION IN GOVERNMENT
DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS
DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS
DECISION-MAKING
DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY
DECISION-MAKING POWER
DECONCENTRATION
DECREES
DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRATIC MODEL
DEMOCRATIZATION
DEVOLUTION
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS
DISTRICTS
DIVISION OF POWERS
ELECTED OFFICIALS
ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES
ELECTION
EMPLOYMENT
EQUALIZATION
EXECUTIVE BODIES
EXECUTIVE POWER
EXPENDITURE
FEDERAL STATES
FEDERAL SYSTEMS
FINANCIAL AUTONOMY
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS
FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL TRANSFERS
FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION
FISCAL POWER
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
GOOD GOVERNANCE
GOVERNANCE ISSUES
GOVERNMENT ACTION
GOVERNMENT FINANCE
GOVERNMENT LEVELS
GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES
GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS
GOVERNORS
GRANT ALLOCATION
HEADS OF STATE
HUMAN RESOURCE
HUMAN RESOURCES
INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS
INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS
INTERMEDIATE TIER OF GOVERNMENT
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL NETWORK
KINGDOMS
LAWS
LEGAL ENTITIES
LEGAL PROTECTION
LEGAL SYSTEM
LEGALITY
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATURE
LEGITIMACY
LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT
LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
LOCAL ADMINISTRATION
LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
LOCAL AUTONOMY
LOCAL BODIES
LOCAL COMMUNITIES
LOCAL COMMUNITY
LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
LOCAL ECONOMY
LOCAL ELECTIONS
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES
LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT STAFF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
LOCAL INSTITUTIONS
LOCAL MANAGEMENT
LOCAL OFFICIALS
LOCAL PARTICIPATION
LOCAL POPULATION
LOCAL POPULATIONS
LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICES
LOCAL RESOURCE
LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
LOCAL SERVICES
LOCAL TAX
LOCAL TAXES
MANDATES
MEMBER STATES
MINISTRY OF FINANCE
MONARCHY
MUNICIPAL
MUNICIPAL COUNCILS
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT
MUNICIPAL PROPERTY
MUNICIPAL TAX
MUNICIPALITIES
MUNICIPALITY
NATIONAL BUDGET
NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
NATIONAL LEVEL
NATIONAL TERRITORY
NATIONAL UNITY
NATIONS
NATURAL RESOURCES
PARLIAMENT
PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS
PARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY
PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
PARTY AFFILIATION
POLITICAL PARTIES
POLITICAL POWER
POLITICAL SYSTEM
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
PREFECTURES
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PUBLIC AFFAIRS
PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
PUBLIC ENTERPRISES
PUBLIC GOVERNANCE
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
PUBLIC INTEREST
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
PUBLIC LAW
PUBLIC LIFE
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC POLICY
PUBLIC RESOURCES
PUBLIC SECTOR
PUBLIC SERVICES
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
RATIONALIZATION
REGIONAL INTEGRATION
REHABILITATION
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
REPUBLICS
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
REVENUE COLLECTION
REVENUE MOBILIZATION
REVOLUTION
SERVICE DELIVERY
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL INCLUSION
STATE AUTHORITY
STATE POWER
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
SUFFRAGE
TAX COLLECTION
TAX RATES
TAX REVENUES
TAX SYSTEM
TAX SYSTEMS
TAXATION
TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
TOWNSHIPS
TRANSFER OF RESPONSIBILITIES
TRANSPARENCY
TRANSPORT
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN GOVERNMENTS
URBAN SERVICES
URBANIZATION
VOTING
ACCOUNTABILITY
ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
ADMINISTRATIVE AUTONOMY
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITIES
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY
ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION
ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTIONS
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION
ASSETS
CABINET
CANDIDATES
CAPITAL CITIES
CAPITALS
CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION
CENTRAL CONTROL
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
CITIZENS
CITIZENSHIP
CIVIL SERVICE
CIVIL SOCIETY
COLONIES
CONSENSUS
CONSTITUENCIES
CONSTITUTION
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS
CONSTITUTIONS
COUNCILS
COUPS D'ETAT
DECENTRALIZATION
DECENTRALIZATION IN GOVERNMENT
DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS
DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS
DECISION-MAKING
DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY
DECISION-MAKING POWER
DECONCENTRATION
DECREES
DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRATIC MODEL
DEMOCRATIZATION
DEVOLUTION
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS
DISTRICTS
DIVISION OF POWERS
ELECTED OFFICIALS
ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES
ELECTION
EMPLOYMENT
EQUALIZATION
EXECUTIVE BODIES
EXECUTIVE POWER
EXPENDITURE
FEDERAL STATES
FEDERAL SYSTEMS
FINANCIAL AUTONOMY
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS
FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL TRANSFERS
FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION
FISCAL POWER
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
GOOD GOVERNANCE
GOVERNANCE ISSUES
GOVERNMENT ACTION
GOVERNMENT FINANCE
GOVERNMENT LEVELS
GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES
GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS
GOVERNORS
GRANT ALLOCATION
HEADS OF STATE
HUMAN RESOURCE
HUMAN RESOURCES
INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS
INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS
INTERMEDIATE TIER OF GOVERNMENT
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL NETWORK
KINGDOMS
LAWS
LEGAL ENTITIES
LEGAL PROTECTION
LEGAL SYSTEM
LEGALITY
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATURE
LEGITIMACY
LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT
LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
LOCAL ADMINISTRATION
LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
LOCAL AUTONOMY
LOCAL BODIES
LOCAL COMMUNITIES
LOCAL COMMUNITY
LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
LOCAL ECONOMY
LOCAL ELECTIONS
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES
LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT STAFF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
LOCAL INSTITUTIONS
LOCAL MANAGEMENT
LOCAL OFFICIALS
LOCAL PARTICIPATION
LOCAL POPULATION
LOCAL POPULATIONS
LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICES
LOCAL RESOURCE
LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
LOCAL SERVICES
LOCAL TAX
LOCAL TAXES
MANDATES
MEMBER STATES
MINISTRY OF FINANCE
MONARCHY
MUNICIPAL
MUNICIPAL COUNCILS
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT
MUNICIPAL PROPERTY
MUNICIPAL TAX
MUNICIPALITIES
MUNICIPALITY
NATIONAL BUDGET
NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
NATIONAL LEVEL
NATIONAL TERRITORY
NATIONAL UNITY
NATIONS
NATURAL RESOURCES
PARLIAMENT
PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS
PARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY
PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
PARTY AFFILIATION
POLITICAL PARTIES
POLITICAL POWER
POLITICAL SYSTEM
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
PREFECTURES
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PUBLIC AFFAIRS
PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
PUBLIC ENTERPRISES
PUBLIC GOVERNANCE
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
PUBLIC INTEREST
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
PUBLIC LAW
PUBLIC LIFE
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC POLICY
PUBLIC RESOURCES
PUBLIC SECTOR
PUBLIC SERVICES
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
RATIONALIZATION
REGIONAL INTEGRATION
REHABILITATION
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
REPUBLICS
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
REVENUE COLLECTION
REVENUE MOBILIZATION
REVOLUTION
SERVICE DELIVERY
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL INCLUSION
STATE AUTHORITY
STATE POWER
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
SUFFRAGE
TAX COLLECTION
TAX RATES
TAX REVENUES
TAX SYSTEM
TAX SYSTEMS
TAXATION
TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
TOWNSHIPS
TRANSFER OF RESPONSIBILITIES
TRANSPARENCY
TRANSPORT
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN GOVERNMENTS
URBAN SERVICES
URBANIZATION
VOTING
United Cities and Local Government
World Bank
Decentralization and Local Democracy in the World : First Global Report by United Cities and Local Governments 2008
description This overall picture of decentralization and local democracy in African countries shows significant progress at the strictly institutional level. No country now publicly opposes the implementation of decentralization policies. Local governments exist in all countries, and elections are held to elect local authorities. The extent of such progress must, however, be set against a number of persistent obstacles that continue to hinder a real progression of decentralization in Africa. Difficulties remain within states concerning the transfer of financial resources needed to match the devolved responsibilities. Local governments also face difficulties in increasing their own resources (aside from state-transfers and grants) at a faster pace. Ensuring the availability of qualified human resources at the local level and improving public access to local services are also fundamental issues of concern.
topic_facet ACCOUNTABILITY
ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
ADMINISTRATIVE AUTONOMY
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITIES
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY
ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION
ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTIONS
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION
ASSETS
CABINET
CANDIDATES
CAPITAL CITIES
CAPITALS
CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION
CENTRAL CONTROL
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
CITIZENS
CITIZENSHIP
CIVIL SERVICE
CIVIL SOCIETY
COLONIES
CONSENSUS
CONSTITUENCIES
CONSTITUTION
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS
CONSTITUTIONS
COUNCILS
COUPS D'ETAT
DECENTRALIZATION
DECENTRALIZATION IN GOVERNMENT
DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS
DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS
DECISION-MAKING
DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY
DECISION-MAKING POWER
DECONCENTRATION
DECREES
DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRATIC MODEL
DEMOCRATIZATION
DEVOLUTION
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS
DISTRICTS
DIVISION OF POWERS
ELECTED OFFICIALS
ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES
ELECTION
EMPLOYMENT
EQUALIZATION
EXECUTIVE BODIES
EXECUTIVE POWER
EXPENDITURE
FEDERAL STATES
FEDERAL SYSTEMS
FINANCIAL AUTONOMY
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS
FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL TRANSFERS
FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION
FISCAL POWER
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
GOOD GOVERNANCE
GOVERNANCE ISSUES
GOVERNMENT ACTION
GOVERNMENT FINANCE
GOVERNMENT LEVELS
GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES
GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS
GOVERNORS
GRANT ALLOCATION
HEADS OF STATE
HUMAN RESOURCE
HUMAN RESOURCES
INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS
INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS
INTERMEDIATE TIER OF GOVERNMENT
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL NETWORK
KINGDOMS
LAWS
LEGAL ENTITIES
LEGAL PROTECTION
LEGAL SYSTEM
LEGALITY
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATURE
LEGITIMACY
LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT
LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
LOCAL ADMINISTRATION
LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
LOCAL AUTONOMY
LOCAL BODIES
LOCAL COMMUNITIES
LOCAL COMMUNITY
LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
LOCAL ECONOMY
LOCAL ELECTIONS
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES
LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT STAFF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
LOCAL INSTITUTIONS
LOCAL MANAGEMENT
LOCAL OFFICIALS
LOCAL PARTICIPATION
LOCAL POPULATION
LOCAL POPULATIONS
LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICES
LOCAL RESOURCE
LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
LOCAL SERVICES
LOCAL TAX
LOCAL TAXES
MANDATES
MEMBER STATES
MINISTRY OF FINANCE
MONARCHY
MUNICIPAL
MUNICIPAL COUNCILS
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT
MUNICIPAL PROPERTY
MUNICIPAL TAX
MUNICIPALITIES
MUNICIPALITY
NATIONAL BUDGET
NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
NATIONAL LEVEL
NATIONAL TERRITORY
NATIONAL UNITY
NATIONS
NATURAL RESOURCES
PARLIAMENT
PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS
PARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY
PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
PARTY AFFILIATION
POLITICAL PARTIES
POLITICAL POWER
POLITICAL SYSTEM
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
PREFECTURES
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PUBLIC AFFAIRS
PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
PUBLIC ENTERPRISES
PUBLIC GOVERNANCE
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
PUBLIC INTEREST
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
PUBLIC LAW
PUBLIC LIFE
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC POLICY
PUBLIC RESOURCES
PUBLIC SECTOR
PUBLIC SERVICES
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
RATIONALIZATION
REGIONAL INTEGRATION
REHABILITATION
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
REPUBLICS
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
REVENUE COLLECTION
REVENUE MOBILIZATION
REVOLUTION
SERVICE DELIVERY
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL INCLUSION
STATE AUTHORITY
STATE POWER
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
SUFFRAGE
TAX COLLECTION
TAX RATES
TAX REVENUES
TAX SYSTEM
TAX SYSTEMS
TAXATION
TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
TOWNSHIPS
TRANSFER OF RESPONSIBILITIES
TRANSPARENCY
TRANSPORT
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBAN GOVERNMENTS
URBAN SERVICES
URBANIZATION
VOTING
author United Cities and Local Government
World Bank
author_facet United Cities and Local Government
World Bank
author_sort United Cities and Local Government
title Decentralization and Local Democracy in the World : First Global Report by United Cities and Local Governments 2008
title_short Decentralization and Local Democracy in the World : First Global Report by United Cities and Local Governments 2008
title_full Decentralization and Local Democracy in the World : First Global Report by United Cities and Local Governments 2008
title_fullStr Decentralization and Local Democracy in the World : First Global Report by United Cities and Local Governments 2008
title_full_unstemmed Decentralization and Local Democracy in the World : First Global Report by United Cities and Local Governments 2008
title_sort decentralization and local democracy in the world : first global report by united cities and local governments 2008
publisher Washington, DC: United Cities and Local Government and the World Bank
publishDate 2009
url http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20090319030613
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2609
work_keys_str_mv AT unitedcitiesandlocalgovernment decentralizationandlocaldemocracyintheworldfirstglobalreportbyunitedcitiesandlocalgovernments2008
AT worldbank decentralizationandlocaldemocracyintheworldfirstglobalreportbyunitedcitiesandlocalgovernments2008
_version_ 1807154908990799872
spelling dig-okr-1098626092024-08-08T16:27:55Z Decentralization and Local Democracy in the World : First Global Report by United Cities and Local Governments 2008 United Cities and Local Government World Bank ACCOUNTABILITY ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS ADMINISTRATIVE AUTONOMY ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITIES ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTIONS ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION ASSETS CABINET CANDIDATES CAPITAL CITIES CAPITALS CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION CENTRAL CONTROL CENTRAL GOVERNMENT CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS CITIZEN PARTICIPATION CITIZENS CITIZENSHIP CIVIL SERVICE CIVIL SOCIETY COLONIES CONSENSUS CONSTITUENCIES CONSTITUTION CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS CONSTITUTIONS COUNCILS COUPS D'ETAT DECENTRALIZATION DECENTRALIZATION IN GOVERNMENT DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS DECISION-MAKING DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY DECISION-MAKING POWER DECONCENTRATION DECREES DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC MODEL DEMOCRATIZATION DEVOLUTION DIRECT DEMOCRACY DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS DISTRICTS DIVISION OF POWERS ELECTED OFFICIALS ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES ELECTION EMPLOYMENT EQUALIZATION EXECUTIVE BODIES EXECUTIVE POWER EXPENDITURE FEDERAL STATES FEDERAL SYSTEMS FINANCIAL AUTONOMY FINANCIAL CAPACITY FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL RESOURCES FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL TRANSFERS FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION FISCAL POWER FOREIGN INVESTMENT GOOD GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE ISSUES GOVERNMENT ACTION GOVERNMENT FINANCE GOVERNMENT LEVELS GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS GOVERNORS GRANT ALLOCATION HEADS OF STATE HUMAN RESOURCE HUMAN RESOURCES INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS INTERMEDIATE TIER OF GOVERNMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL NETWORK KINGDOMS LAWS LEGAL ENTITIES LEGAL PROTECTION LEGAL SYSTEM LEGALITY LEGISLATION LEGISLATURE LEGITIMACY LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT LOCAL ADMINISTRATION LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS LOCAL AUTHORITIES LOCAL AUTONOMY LOCAL BODIES LOCAL COMMUNITIES LOCAL COMMUNITY LOCAL DEVELOPMENT LOCAL ECONOMY LOCAL ELECTIONS LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE LOCAL GOVERNMENT STAFF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOCAL INSTITUTIONS LOCAL MANAGEMENT LOCAL OFFICIALS LOCAL PARTICIPATION LOCAL POPULATION LOCAL POPULATIONS LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICES LOCAL RESOURCE LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT LOCAL SERVICES LOCAL TAX LOCAL TAXES MANDATES MEMBER STATES MINISTRY OF FINANCE MONARCHY MUNICIPAL MUNICIPAL COUNCILS MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT MUNICIPAL PROPERTY MUNICIPAL TAX MUNICIPALITIES MUNICIPALITY NATIONAL BUDGET NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS NATIONAL LEVEL NATIONAL TERRITORY NATIONAL UNITY NATIONS NATURAL RESOURCES PARLIAMENT PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS PARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY PARTY AFFILIATION POLITICAL PARTIES POLITICAL POWER POLITICAL SYSTEM POLITICAL SYSTEMS PREFECTURES PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PUBLIC AFFAIRS PUBLIC AUTHORITIES PUBLIC ENTERPRISES PUBLIC GOVERNANCE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS PUBLIC INTEREST PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC LAW PUBLIC LIFE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC RESOURCES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION RATIONALIZATION REGIONAL INTEGRATION REHABILITATION REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY REPUBLICS RESOURCE MOBILIZATION REVENUE COLLECTION REVENUE MOBILIZATION REVOLUTION SERVICE DELIVERY SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL INCLUSION STATE AUTHORITY STATE POWER STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUFFRAGE TAX COLLECTION TAX RATES TAX REVENUES TAX SYSTEM TAX SYSTEMS TAXATION TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION TOWNSHIPS TRANSFER OF RESPONSIBILITIES TRANSPARENCY TRANSPORT URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN GOVERNMENTS URBAN SERVICES URBANIZATION VOTING This overall picture of decentralization and local democracy in African countries shows significant progress at the strictly institutional level. No country now publicly opposes the implementation of decentralization policies. Local governments exist in all countries, and elections are held to elect local authorities. The extent of such progress must, however, be set against a number of persistent obstacles that continue to hinder a real progression of decentralization in Africa. Difficulties remain within states concerning the transfer of financial resources needed to match the devolved responsibilities. Local governments also face difficulties in increasing their own resources (aside from state-transfers and grants) at a faster pace. Ensuring the availability of qualified human resources at the local level and improving public access to local services are also fundamental issues of concern. 2012-03-19T10:02:58Z 2012-03-19T10:02:58Z 2009 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20090319030613 978-0-8213-7734-5 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2609 English CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo United Cities and Local Government application/pdf text/plain Washington, DC: United Cities and Local Government and the World Bank