The GATT's Starting Point
How high were import tariffs when GATT participants began negotiations to reduce them in 1947? Establishing this starting point is key to determining how successful the GATT has been in bringing down trade barriers. If the average tariff level was about 40 percent, as commonly reported, the implied early tariff reductions were substantial, but this number has never been verified. This paper examines the evidence on tariff levels in the late 1940s and early 1950s and finds that the average tariff level going into the first Geneva Round of 1947 was about 22 percent. It also find that tariffs fell by relatively more in the late 1940s and early 1950s for a core group of GATT participants (the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia) than they did for many other important countries, including the set of other (non-core) GATT participants.
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dig-okr-10986242232024-08-07T19:59:17Z The GATT's Starting Point Tariff Levels circa 1947 Irwin, Douglas A. Bown, Chad P. TARIFFS EQUIPMENT CHECKS ACCOUNTING TARIFF RATES WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION TARIFF PROTECTION TRADE NEGOTIATIONS BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS INTEREST ECONOMIC WELFARE DUMMY VARIABLES TRADE BARRIERS EXCHANGE TARIFF CHANGES NATIONAL TREATMENT TRADE FLOWS DEMAND ELASTICITIES TARIFF CONCESSIONS FREE IMPORTS ECONOMIC POLICY TARIFF SCHEDULES TRADE LIBERALISATION TRADE POLICY ANALYSIS TARIFF CUTS TAX TARIFF CLASSIFICATION INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK PROTECTIONISM TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS TRADE AGREEMENTS TARIFF POLICY CONVERSION DUTY FREE TARIFF INCREASES FOREIGN TRADE IMPORT PRICES TARIFF DATA TRADE FORUM TARIFF ACT IMPORT QUOTAS AVERAGE TARIFFS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS VALUE OF IMPORTS TARIFF REDUCTION CUSTOMS TRADING GLOBALIZATION IMPORT PROTECTION COMMERCIAL POLICY TARIFF REDUCTIONS BILATERAL AGREEMENTS RETURN INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION ACCESS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS IMPORTS TRADE POLICY COUNTRY TARIFF TRADE POLICIES IMPORT TARIFFS GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS COMMON MARKET APPLIED TARIFF TRADE WARS TRADE DISTORTIONS CONSUMPTION TARIFF ON IMPORTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE TRANSPARENCY FUTURE CUMULATIVE EFFECT DEMAND SHOCKS TRADE ARRANGEMENTS TRADE COMMISSION CONCESSIONS TARIFF ESTIMATES EXTERNAL TARIFF TARIFF BARRIERS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AVERAGE TARIFF LEVELS MARKET FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TARIFF LEVELS AVERAGE TARIFF CURRENCIES INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ECONOMIC INTEGRATION TRADE GOODS TARIFF SCHEDULE TARIFF REVENUE WORLD TRADE CHECK TRUST FUND MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS EXCHANGE CONTROLS IMPORT VALUE CUSTOMS REVENUE TARIFF LINES How high were import tariffs when GATT participants began negotiations to reduce them in 1947? Establishing this starting point is key to determining how successful the GATT has been in bringing down trade barriers. If the average tariff level was about 40 percent, as commonly reported, the implied early tariff reductions were substantial, but this number has never been verified. This paper examines the evidence on tariff levels in the late 1940s and early 1950s and finds that the average tariff level going into the first Geneva Round of 1947 was about 22 percent. It also find that tariffs fell by relatively more in the late 1940s and early 1950s for a core group of GATT participants (the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia) than they did for many other important countries, including the set of other (non-core) GATT participants. 2016-05-04T19:56:01Z 2016-05-04T19:56:01Z 2016-04 Working Paper Document de travail Documento de trabajo http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26279727/gatts-starting-point-tariff-levels-circa-1947 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/24223 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7649 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf World Bank, Washington, DC |
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Banco Mundial |
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Estados Unidos |
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US |
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Bibliográfico |
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En linea |
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dig-okr |
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biblioteca |
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America del Norte |
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Biblioteca del Banco Mundial |
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English en_US |
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TARIFFS EQUIPMENT CHECKS ACCOUNTING TARIFF RATES WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION TARIFF PROTECTION TRADE NEGOTIATIONS BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS INTEREST ECONOMIC WELFARE DUMMY VARIABLES TRADE BARRIERS EXCHANGE TARIFF CHANGES NATIONAL TREATMENT TRADE FLOWS DEMAND ELASTICITIES TARIFF CONCESSIONS FREE IMPORTS ECONOMIC POLICY TARIFF SCHEDULES TRADE LIBERALISATION TRADE POLICY ANALYSIS TARIFF CUTS TAX TARIFF CLASSIFICATION INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK PROTECTIONISM TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS TRADE AGREEMENTS TARIFF POLICY CONVERSION DUTY FREE TARIFF INCREASES FOREIGN TRADE IMPORT PRICES TARIFF DATA TRADE FORUM TARIFF ACT IMPORT QUOTAS AVERAGE TARIFFS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS VALUE OF IMPORTS TARIFF REDUCTION CUSTOMS TRADING GLOBALIZATION IMPORT PROTECTION COMMERCIAL POLICY TARIFF REDUCTIONS BILATERAL AGREEMENTS RETURN INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION ACCESS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS IMPORTS TRADE POLICY COUNTRY TARIFF TRADE POLICIES IMPORT TARIFFS GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS COMMON MARKET APPLIED TARIFF TRADE WARS TRADE DISTORTIONS CONSUMPTION TARIFF ON IMPORTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE TRANSPARENCY FUTURE CUMULATIVE EFFECT DEMAND SHOCKS TRADE ARRANGEMENTS TRADE COMMISSION CONCESSIONS TARIFF ESTIMATES EXTERNAL TARIFF TARIFF BARRIERS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AVERAGE TARIFF LEVELS MARKET FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TARIFF LEVELS AVERAGE TARIFF CURRENCIES INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ECONOMIC INTEGRATION TRADE GOODS TARIFF SCHEDULE TARIFF REVENUE WORLD TRADE CHECK TRUST FUND MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS EXCHANGE CONTROLS IMPORT VALUE CUSTOMS REVENUE TARIFF LINES TARIFFS EQUIPMENT CHECKS ACCOUNTING TARIFF RATES WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION TARIFF PROTECTION TRADE NEGOTIATIONS BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS INTEREST ECONOMIC WELFARE DUMMY VARIABLES TRADE BARRIERS EXCHANGE TARIFF CHANGES NATIONAL TREATMENT TRADE FLOWS DEMAND ELASTICITIES TARIFF CONCESSIONS FREE IMPORTS ECONOMIC POLICY TARIFF SCHEDULES TRADE LIBERALISATION TRADE POLICY ANALYSIS TARIFF CUTS TAX TARIFF CLASSIFICATION INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK PROTECTIONISM TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS TRADE AGREEMENTS TARIFF POLICY CONVERSION DUTY FREE TARIFF INCREASES FOREIGN TRADE IMPORT PRICES TARIFF DATA TRADE FORUM TARIFF ACT IMPORT QUOTAS AVERAGE TARIFFS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS VALUE OF IMPORTS TARIFF REDUCTION CUSTOMS TRADING GLOBALIZATION IMPORT PROTECTION COMMERCIAL POLICY TARIFF REDUCTIONS BILATERAL AGREEMENTS RETURN INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION ACCESS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS IMPORTS TRADE POLICY COUNTRY TARIFF TRADE POLICIES IMPORT TARIFFS GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS COMMON MARKET APPLIED TARIFF TRADE WARS TRADE DISTORTIONS CONSUMPTION TARIFF ON IMPORTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE TRANSPARENCY FUTURE CUMULATIVE EFFECT DEMAND SHOCKS TRADE ARRANGEMENTS TRADE COMMISSION CONCESSIONS TARIFF ESTIMATES EXTERNAL TARIFF TARIFF BARRIERS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AVERAGE TARIFF LEVELS MARKET FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TARIFF LEVELS AVERAGE TARIFF CURRENCIES INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ECONOMIC INTEGRATION TRADE GOODS TARIFF SCHEDULE TARIFF REVENUE WORLD TRADE CHECK TRUST FUND MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS EXCHANGE CONTROLS IMPORT VALUE CUSTOMS REVENUE TARIFF LINES |
spellingShingle |
TARIFFS EQUIPMENT CHECKS ACCOUNTING TARIFF RATES WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION TARIFF PROTECTION TRADE NEGOTIATIONS BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS INTEREST ECONOMIC WELFARE DUMMY VARIABLES TRADE BARRIERS EXCHANGE TARIFF CHANGES NATIONAL TREATMENT TRADE FLOWS DEMAND ELASTICITIES TARIFF CONCESSIONS FREE IMPORTS ECONOMIC POLICY TARIFF SCHEDULES TRADE LIBERALISATION TRADE POLICY ANALYSIS TARIFF CUTS TAX TARIFF CLASSIFICATION INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK PROTECTIONISM TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS TRADE AGREEMENTS TARIFF POLICY CONVERSION DUTY FREE TARIFF INCREASES FOREIGN TRADE IMPORT PRICES TARIFF DATA TRADE FORUM TARIFF ACT IMPORT QUOTAS AVERAGE TARIFFS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS VALUE OF IMPORTS TARIFF REDUCTION CUSTOMS TRADING GLOBALIZATION IMPORT PROTECTION COMMERCIAL POLICY TARIFF REDUCTIONS BILATERAL AGREEMENTS RETURN INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION ACCESS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS IMPORTS TRADE POLICY COUNTRY TARIFF TRADE POLICIES IMPORT TARIFFS GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS COMMON MARKET APPLIED TARIFF TRADE WARS TRADE DISTORTIONS CONSUMPTION TARIFF ON IMPORTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE TRANSPARENCY FUTURE CUMULATIVE EFFECT DEMAND SHOCKS TRADE ARRANGEMENTS TRADE COMMISSION CONCESSIONS TARIFF ESTIMATES EXTERNAL TARIFF TARIFF BARRIERS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AVERAGE TARIFF LEVELS MARKET FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TARIFF LEVELS AVERAGE TARIFF CURRENCIES INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ECONOMIC INTEGRATION TRADE GOODS TARIFF SCHEDULE TARIFF REVENUE WORLD TRADE CHECK TRUST FUND MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS EXCHANGE CONTROLS IMPORT VALUE CUSTOMS REVENUE TARIFF LINES TARIFFS EQUIPMENT CHECKS ACCOUNTING TARIFF RATES WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION TARIFF PROTECTION TRADE NEGOTIATIONS BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS INTEREST ECONOMIC WELFARE DUMMY VARIABLES TRADE BARRIERS EXCHANGE TARIFF CHANGES NATIONAL TREATMENT TRADE FLOWS DEMAND ELASTICITIES TARIFF CONCESSIONS FREE IMPORTS ECONOMIC POLICY TARIFF SCHEDULES TRADE LIBERALISATION TRADE POLICY ANALYSIS TARIFF CUTS TAX TARIFF CLASSIFICATION INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK PROTECTIONISM TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS TRADE AGREEMENTS TARIFF POLICY CONVERSION DUTY FREE TARIFF INCREASES FOREIGN TRADE IMPORT PRICES TARIFF DATA TRADE FORUM TARIFF ACT IMPORT QUOTAS AVERAGE TARIFFS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS VALUE OF IMPORTS TARIFF REDUCTION CUSTOMS TRADING GLOBALIZATION IMPORT PROTECTION COMMERCIAL POLICY TARIFF REDUCTIONS BILATERAL AGREEMENTS RETURN INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION ACCESS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS IMPORTS TRADE POLICY COUNTRY TARIFF TRADE POLICIES IMPORT TARIFFS GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS COMMON MARKET APPLIED TARIFF TRADE WARS TRADE DISTORTIONS CONSUMPTION TARIFF ON IMPORTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE TRANSPARENCY FUTURE CUMULATIVE EFFECT DEMAND SHOCKS TRADE ARRANGEMENTS TRADE COMMISSION CONCESSIONS TARIFF ESTIMATES EXTERNAL TARIFF TARIFF BARRIERS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AVERAGE TARIFF LEVELS MARKET FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TARIFF LEVELS AVERAGE TARIFF CURRENCIES INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ECONOMIC INTEGRATION TRADE GOODS TARIFF SCHEDULE TARIFF REVENUE WORLD TRADE CHECK TRUST FUND MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS EXCHANGE CONTROLS IMPORT VALUE CUSTOMS REVENUE TARIFF LINES Irwin, Douglas A. Bown, Chad P. The GATT's Starting Point |
description |
How high were import tariffs when GATT
participants began negotiations to reduce them in 1947?
Establishing this starting point is key to determining how
successful the GATT has been in bringing down trade
barriers. If the average tariff level was about 40 percent,
as commonly reported, the implied early tariff reductions
were substantial, but this number has never been verified.
This paper examines the evidence on tariff levels in the
late 1940s and early 1950s and finds that the average tariff
level going into the first Geneva Round of 1947 was about 22
percent. It also find that tariffs fell by relatively more
in the late 1940s and early 1950s for a core group of GATT
participants (the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and
Australia) than they did for many other important countries,
including the set of other (non-core) GATT participants. |
format |
Working Paper |
topic_facet |
TARIFFS EQUIPMENT CHECKS ACCOUNTING TARIFF RATES WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION TARIFF PROTECTION TRADE NEGOTIATIONS BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS INTEREST ECONOMIC WELFARE DUMMY VARIABLES TRADE BARRIERS EXCHANGE TARIFF CHANGES NATIONAL TREATMENT TRADE FLOWS DEMAND ELASTICITIES TARIFF CONCESSIONS FREE IMPORTS ECONOMIC POLICY TARIFF SCHEDULES TRADE LIBERALISATION TRADE POLICY ANALYSIS TARIFF CUTS TAX TARIFF CLASSIFICATION INFLATION INTERNATIONAL BANK PROTECTIONISM TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS TRADE AGREEMENTS TARIFF POLICY CONVERSION DUTY FREE TARIFF INCREASES FOREIGN TRADE IMPORT PRICES TARIFF DATA TRADE FORUM TARIFF ACT IMPORT QUOTAS AVERAGE TARIFFS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS VALUE OF IMPORTS TARIFF REDUCTION CUSTOMS TRADING GLOBALIZATION IMPORT PROTECTION COMMERCIAL POLICY TARIFF REDUCTIONS BILATERAL AGREEMENTS RETURN INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION ACCESS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS IMPORTS TRADE POLICY COUNTRY TARIFF TRADE POLICIES IMPORT TARIFFS GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS COMMON MARKET APPLIED TARIFF TRADE WARS TRADE DISTORTIONS CONSUMPTION TARIFF ON IMPORTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE TRANSPARENCY FUTURE CUMULATIVE EFFECT DEMAND SHOCKS TRADE ARRANGEMENTS TRADE COMMISSION CONCESSIONS TARIFF ESTIMATES EXTERNAL TARIFF TARIFF BARRIERS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AVERAGE TARIFF LEVELS MARKET FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TARIFF LEVELS AVERAGE TARIFF CURRENCIES INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ECONOMIC INTEGRATION TRADE GOODS TARIFF SCHEDULE TARIFF REVENUE WORLD TRADE CHECK TRUST FUND MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS EXCHANGE CONTROLS IMPORT VALUE CUSTOMS REVENUE TARIFF LINES |
author |
Irwin, Douglas A. Bown, Chad P. |
author_facet |
Irwin, Douglas A. Bown, Chad P. |
author_sort |
Irwin, Douglas A. |
title |
The GATT's Starting Point |
title_short |
The GATT's Starting Point |
title_full |
The GATT's Starting Point |
title_fullStr |
The GATT's Starting Point |
title_full_unstemmed |
The GATT's Starting Point |
title_sort |
gatt's starting point |
publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
publishDate |
2016-04 |
url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26279727/gatts-starting-point-tariff-levels-circa-1947 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/24223 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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_version_ |
1807156654811119616 |