Breaking the Metal Ceiling : Female Entrepreneurs Who Succeed in Male-Dominated Sectors

A range of reasons is cited to explain gender differences in business performance in Africa. Within those, the sector of operations is consistently identified as a major issue. This paper uses a mixed methods approach to assess how women entrepreneurs in Uganda start (and strive) operating firms in male-dominated sectors, and what hinders other women from doing so. The study finds that women who cross over into male-dominated sectors make as much as men, and three times more than women who stay in female-dominated sectors. The paper examines a set of factors to explain the differences in sector choices, and finds that there is a problem of information about opportunities in male-dominated industries. The analysis also concludes that psychosocial factors, particularly the influence of male role models and exposure to the sector from family and friends, are critical in helping women circumvent or overcome the norms that undergird occupational segregation.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Campos, Francisco, Goldstein, Markus, McGorman, Laura, Munoz Boudet, Ana Maria, Pimhidzai, Obert
Format:	Working Paper biblioteca
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2015-12
Subjects:	FEMALE ENTREPRENEUR, BUSINESS ACTIVITIES, BUSINESS OWNERS, EMPOWERMENT, BIRTH, CREDIT COOPERATIVE, EDUCATION LEVELS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, PEOPLE, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES, BRIBES, INTEREST, FINANCIAL LITERACY, ENROLLMENT, BIAS, INTEREST RATE, SOURCES OF CREDIT, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, BANK ACCOUNT, ENTREPRENEURS, MOTHERS, DISCRIMINATION, FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS, INEQUALITIES, FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP, REVENUES, CREDIT CONSTRAINTS, LIMITED ACCESS TO FINANCE, LOAN, BUSINESS OWNERSHIP, FEMALE BUSINESS, CORRUPTION, SAVING, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, INTERNATIONAL BANK, BUSINESS SUCCESS, SMALL BUSINESS, LABOR MARKET, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS, SAVINGS, AID, SOURCE OF CREDIT, FEMALE ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, BARRIERS TO ENTRY, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, LIMITED ACCESS, MALE, CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS, EDUCATION SYSTEM, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ACCESS TO FINANCE, ENTERPRISES, STRUCTURAL INEQUALITIES, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, FINANCE, VOUCHER, ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY, EXPENDITURE, EQUITY, HUMAN CAPITAL, GENDER GAPS, GENDER SEGREGATION, WOMEN BUSINESS OWNERS, CAPITAL, BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, SMALL ENTERPRISES, GENDER DIFFERENCES, CREDIT PROVIDERS, WOMAN, FAMILY, FINANCIAL CAPITAL, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, GENDER, BANK, FATHERS, CREDIT, BUSINESS NETWORK, BUSINESS OWNER, HOUSEHOLD, EDUCATION LEVEL, ENTERPRISE, PROPERTY, YOUTH, MOTHER, BUSINESS SUPPORT, FORMAL BANK, PROFITABILITY, SEX, MICROFINANCE, BUSINESS WOMEN, ENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITIES, BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION, BUSINESS ACTIVITY, HUSBAND, INVESTMENT, FATHER, PROFITABLE BUSINESSES, BUSINESS RECORDS, EQUALITY, BUSINESSWOMEN, FAMILY FARM, EMPLOYEE, REVENUE, EARNINGS, BORROWING, INFORMED CHOICES, ENTREPRENEURIAL FINANCE, MARRIED WOMEN, FEES, WOMEN, ENTREPRENEUR, BUSINESS PLANNING, FEMALE, SELF‐EMPLOYMENT, COOPERATIVE, GENDER EQUALITY, EMPLOYEES, AFRICA GENDER POLICY, GENDER INNOVATION LAB, WOMEN AND PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/12/25512942/breaking-metal-ceiling-female-entrepreneurs-succeed-male-dominated-sectors http://hdl.handle.net/10986/23469
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