The Global HIV Epidemics among Men Who Have Sex with Men

Men who have sex with Men (MSM) are currently at marked risk for HIV infection in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Estimates of HIV prevalence rates have been consistently higher among MSM than for the general population of reproductive-age men virtually wherever MSM have been well studied. Although scarce, HIV incidence data support findings of high acquisition and transmission risks among MSM in multiple contexts, cultural settings, and economic levels. Research among MSM in LMICs has been limited by the criminalization and social stigmatization of these behaviors, the safety considerations for study participants, the hidden nature of these populations, and a lack of targeted funding. Available evidence from these countries suggests that structural risks social, economic, political, or legal factors in addition to individual-level risk factors are likely to play important roles in shaping HIV risks and treatment and care options for these men. Services and resources for populations of MSM remain markedly low in many settings. They have limited coverage and access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care services with some estimates suggesting that fewer than one in ten MSM worldwide have access to the most basic package of preventive interventions.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Beyrer, Chris, Wirtz, Andrea L., Walker, Damian, Johns, Benjamin, Sifakis, Frangiscos, Baral, Stefan D.
Format:	Publication biblioteca
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank 2011-05-27
Subjects:	ACCESS TO CONDOMS, ACCESS TO TREATMENT, ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME, ADULT POPULATION, AGE DISTRIBUTION, AIDS RELIEF, AIDS RESEARCH, BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS, BIOLOGICAL MEASURES, BISEXUAL, BISEXUALS, BOTH SEXES, CIRCUMCISION, COCAINE, COMMUNITY HEALTH, COMMUNITY OUTREACH, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, CONDOM, CONDOM USE, CONDOM USE AMONG MEN, COUNSELING INTERVENTION, DISABILITY, DISCRIMINATION, DISEASE, DISEASE BURDEN, DISEASE CONTROL, DISSEMINATION, DISTRIBUTION OF CONDOMS, DRUG USER, DRUGS, EFFECTIVE USE, EMERGENCY PLAN, EPIDEMIC, EPIDEMIC SCENARIOS, EPIDEMICS, EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA, EPIDEMIOLOGY, EXERCISES, FEMALE CONDOMS, FEMALE SEX PARTNERS, FEMALE SEX WORKERS, GAY MEN, GENDER EQUALITY, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, HARM REDUCTION, HAZARD, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HEALTH PROMOTION, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HEPATITIS, HEPATITIS A, HEPATITIS B, HEPATITIS B VIRUS, HERPES, HERPES SIMPLEX, HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS, HETEROSEXUALS, HIV, HIV EPIDEMICS, HIV INFECTION, HIV INFECTIONS, HIV PREVALENCE, HIV PREVALENCE RATES, HIV PREVENTION, HIV PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS, HIV TESTING, HIV TRANSMISSION, HIV/AIDS, HOMOSEXUALITY, HOMOSEXUALS, HOSPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN DIGNITY, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, HUMAN RIGHTS, IMMUNE DEFICIENCY, IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES, IMMUNODEFICIENCY, IMPACT OF HIV, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INJECTING DRUG USE, INJECTING DRUG USERS, INJECTION DRUG, INJECTION DRUG USE, INTERCOURSE, INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, LEGAL PROTECTION, LEGAL STATUS, LESBIANS, MALARIA, MALE SEX, MASS MEDIA, MEDICAL RESEARCH, MEDICINE, MENTAL HEALTH, METHADONE, MICROBICIDES, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, NATIONAL AIDS, NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL, NATIONAL LAWS, NEEDLE EXCHANGE, NEW INFECTIONS, OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, OUTREACH WORKERS, PARTNER REDUCTION, PEER OUTREACH, PERCENT HIV PREVALENCE, POLICY MAKERS, POPULATION COUNCIL, PREVALENCE, PREVALENCE RATES, PREVENTION AND CARE, PREVENTION COMPONENTS, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, PROPHYLAXIS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PURCHASING POWER, RECEPTIVE ANAL INTERCOURSE, REPRODUCTIVE AGE, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, RESPECT, RISK FACTORS, RISK GROUPS, RISK POPULATIONS, RISK REDUCTION, RISK-REDUCTION, RISK-REDUCTION INTERVENTIONS, SCREENING, SELF-ESTEEM, SERVICE PROVISION, SET OF RECOMMENDATIONS, SEX, SEX BEHAVIOR, SEX PRACTICES, SEX WITH MEN, SEX WORKER, SEX WORKERS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, SEXUAL BEHAVIORS, SEXUAL MINORITIES, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, SEXUAL PARTNER, SEXUAL PARTNERS, SEXUAL PRACTICES, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, SOCIAL JUSTICE, STIS, SUBSTANCE USE, SYNDROMES, THERAPY, TOLERANCE, TREATMENT, TREATMENT AND CARE, TUBERCULOSIS, UNAIDS, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, UNPROTECTED ANAL INTERCOURSE, URBAN AREAS, USE OF CONDOMS, USE OF RESOURCES, VACCINATION, VACCINE, VIRUS, VOLUNTARY COUNSELING, WOMAN, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION,
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000386194_20110602055746 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2308
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