The World Bank Group's Response to the Global Economic Crisis : Phase 1

The global economic crisis that began in 2008 threatened to erase years of progress in developing countries. In response, the World Bank Group increased lending to unprecedented levels. The World Bank posted a large increase in middle income countries (MICs), and a much smaller one in low income countries (LICs). The International Finance Corporation (IFC) focused on trade finance, mainly in LICs. Its new business initially fell in MICs, rebounding only in late fiscal 2010. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) concentrated on guarantees in Eastern Europe. Analytic and advisory work helped inform government and private sector responses to the crisis. This report presents an initial real-time evaluation of the readiness, relevance, quality-at-entry, short-term results, and likely sustainability of the Bank Group response from the start of the crisis through fiscal 2010. This evaluation builds on a 2008 Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) assessment of Bank Group interventions during past crises and draws extensively on 11 country case studies and field visits. Given the short time since the crisis response started, the evaluation is geared more to raising flags than to presenting definitive conclusions.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Independent Evaluation Group
Language:English
Published: Washington, DC: World Bank 2011
Subjects:ACCESS TO FINANCE, ACCOUNTABILITY, ACCOUNTING, ADB, ADVANCED ECONOMIES, ADVISORY SERVICES, ADVISORY WORK, ASSET MANAGEMENT, BALANCE SHEET, BANK ASSET, BANK CAPITALIZATION, BANK FINANCING, BANK LENDING, BANK LENDING COMMITMENTS, BANKING SECTOR, BASIC NEEDS, BINDING CONSTRAINT, BORROWING, BORROWING COSTS, BUDGET CONSTRAINTS, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, BUSINESS VOLUME, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS, CAPITAL ADEQUACY, CAPITAL FLOWS, CASH TRANSFER, COMMERCIAL FINANCE, CONFLICT OF INTEREST, CONFLICTS OF INTEREST, CONSOLIDATION, CONVERSIONS, COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE, COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, COUNTRY DEBT, COUNTRY RISK, CREDIBILITY, DEBT, DEBTS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE COMPANY, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTIONS, DISBURSEMENT, DISBURSEMENTS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC CRISIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EIB, EMERGING MARKETS, EMPLOYMENT, EQUITY CAPITAL, EQUITY FUND, EQUITY PRODUCTS, EXPENDITURE, EXPLOITATION, EXTREME POVERTY, FACTORING, FAMILIES, FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY, FINANCE COMPANY, FINANCE CORPORATION, FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS, FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE, FINANCIAL CAPACITY, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FINANCIAL FLOWS, FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FINANCIAL SECTOR ASSESSMENT, FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORM, FINANCIAL STRESS, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY, FINANCIAL SYSTEMS, FINANCING FACILITY, FINANCING NEEDS, FISCAL DEFICITS, FOREIGN CAPITAL, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE, FOREIGN INVESTMENTS, FUND MANAGEMENT, FUND MANAGER, GENDER, GLOBAL BUSINESS, GLOBAL ECONOMY, GLOBAL TRADE, GLOBALIZATION, GOVERNMENT CAPACITIES, GROSS DEBT, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROUP LENDING, GUARANTEE AGENCY, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME, INCOME GROUP, INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INSTRUMENT, INSURANCE, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INVESTING, INVESTMENT BANK, INVESTMENT DECISION, INVESTMENT DECISIONS, INVESTMENT LOANS, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY, INVESTMENT PROJECTS, INVESTMENT RISKS, INVESTMENT VOLUMES, ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK, ISSUANCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LEGAL OBLIGATIONS, LEGAL RIGHT, LIABILITY, LIQUIDITY, LOAN, LOCAL CURRENCY, LONG-TERM CAPITAL, LONG-TERM INVESTOR, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, LOW-INCOME COUNTRY, MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MARKET CONFIDENCE, MARKET DEVELOPMENTS, MATURITIES, MATURITY, MDB, MFI, MICROFINANCE, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRY, MONETARY FUND, MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT, MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS, NEGATIVE SHOCKS, NEW BUSINESS, NONPERFORMING LOAN, NONPERFORMING LOANS, OUTREACH, PENSION, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL RISK, PORTFOLIO, PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT, PRIVATE CAPITAL, PRIVATE CAPITAL FLOWS, PRIVATE EQUITY, PRIVATE FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, PRIVATE INVESTMENTS, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIVITY, PROFITABILITY, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, REAL SECTOR, RECAPITALIZATION, REGIONAL BANKS, REORGANIZATION, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RISK AVERSION, RISK PERCEPTIONS, RISK PREMIUMS, SAFETY NET, SETTLEMENT, SHARE OF EQUITY, SHORT-TERM FINANCING, SHORT-TERM LIQUIDITY, SHORT-TERM TRADE FINANCE, SMALL ENTERPRISES, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, SOCIAL SECURITY, SUBSIDIARIES, SUBSIDIARY, SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCING, SUPPLY CHAIN, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, SWAPS, TRANSPORT, TRUST FUND, TRUST FUNDS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNION, VULNERABLE GROUPS,
Online Access:http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20110408013319
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2277
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countrycode US
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region America del Norte
libraryname Biblioteca del Banco Mundial
language English
topic ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCOUNTABILITY
ACCOUNTING
ADB
ADVANCED ECONOMIES
ADVISORY SERVICES
ADVISORY WORK
ASSET MANAGEMENT
BALANCE SHEET
BANK ASSET
BANK CAPITALIZATION
BANK FINANCING
BANK LENDING
BANK LENDING COMMITMENTS
BANKING SECTOR
BASIC NEEDS
BINDING CONSTRAINT
BORROWING
BORROWING COSTS
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
BUSINESS VOLUME
CAPACITY BUILDING
CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL FLOWS
CASH TRANSFER
COMMERCIAL FINANCE
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
CONSOLIDATION
CONVERSIONS
COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE
COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
COUNTRY DEBT
COUNTRY RISK
CREDIBILITY
DEBT
DEBTS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE COMPANY
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
DISBURSEMENT
DISBURSEMENTS
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC CRISIS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC POLICY
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EIB
EMERGING MARKETS
EMPLOYMENT
EQUITY CAPITAL
EQUITY FUND
EQUITY PRODUCTS
EXPENDITURE
EXPLOITATION
EXTREME POVERTY
FACTORING
FAMILIES
FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY
FINANCE COMPANY
FINANCE CORPORATION
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL FLOWS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SECTOR
FINANCIAL SECTOR ASSESSMENT
FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORM
FINANCIAL STRESS
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FINANCING FACILITY
FINANCING NEEDS
FISCAL DEFICITS
FOREIGN CAPITAL
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE
FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
FUND MANAGEMENT
FUND MANAGER
GENDER
GLOBAL BUSINESS
GLOBAL ECONOMY
GLOBAL TRADE
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT CAPACITIES
GROSS DEBT
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
GROUP LENDING
GUARANTEE AGENCY
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INCOME
INCOME GROUP
INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
INVESTING
INVESTMENT BANK
INVESTMENT DECISION
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT LOANS
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
INVESTMENT RISKS
INVESTMENT VOLUMES
ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK
ISSUANCE
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LEGAL OBLIGATIONS
LEGAL RIGHT
LIABILITY
LIQUIDITY
LOAN
LOCAL CURRENCY
LONG-TERM CAPITAL
LONG-TERM INVESTOR
LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
LOW-INCOME COUNTRY
MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS
MACROECONOMIC STABILITY
MARKET CONFIDENCE
MARKET DEVELOPMENTS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MDB
MFI
MICROFINANCE
MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRY
MONETARY FUND
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS
NEGATIVE SHOCKS
NEW BUSINESS
NONPERFORMING LOAN
NONPERFORMING LOANS
OUTREACH
PENSION
POLITICAL ECONOMY
POLITICAL RISK
PORTFOLIO
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE CAPITAL FLOWS
PRIVATE EQUITY
PRIVATE FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTMENTS
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
REAL SECTOR
RECAPITALIZATION
REGIONAL BANKS
REORGANIZATION
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
RISK AVERSION
RISK PERCEPTIONS
RISK PREMIUMS
SAFETY NET
SETTLEMENT
SHARE OF EQUITY
SHORT-TERM FINANCING
SHORT-TERM LIQUIDITY
SHORT-TERM TRADE FINANCE
SMALL ENTERPRISES
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL SAFETY NETS
SOCIAL SECURITY
SUBSIDIARIES
SUBSIDIARY
SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCING
SUPPLY CHAIN
SUSTAINABLE GROWTH
SWAPS
TRANSPORT
TRUST FUND
TRUST FUNDS
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNION
VULNERABLE GROUPS
ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCOUNTABILITY
ACCOUNTING
ADB
ADVANCED ECONOMIES
ADVISORY SERVICES
ADVISORY WORK
ASSET MANAGEMENT
BALANCE SHEET
BANK ASSET
BANK CAPITALIZATION
BANK FINANCING
BANK LENDING
BANK LENDING COMMITMENTS
BANKING SECTOR
BASIC NEEDS
BINDING CONSTRAINT
BORROWING
BORROWING COSTS
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
BUSINESS VOLUME
CAPACITY BUILDING
CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL FLOWS
CASH TRANSFER
COMMERCIAL FINANCE
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
CONSOLIDATION
CONVERSIONS
COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE
COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
COUNTRY DEBT
COUNTRY RISK
CREDIBILITY
DEBT
DEBTS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE COMPANY
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
DISBURSEMENT
DISBURSEMENTS
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC CRISIS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC POLICY
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EIB
EMERGING MARKETS
EMPLOYMENT
EQUITY CAPITAL
EQUITY FUND
EQUITY PRODUCTS
EXPENDITURE
EXPLOITATION
EXTREME POVERTY
FACTORING
FAMILIES
FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY
FINANCE COMPANY
FINANCE CORPORATION
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL FLOWS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SECTOR
FINANCIAL SECTOR ASSESSMENT
FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORM
FINANCIAL STRESS
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FINANCING FACILITY
FINANCING NEEDS
FISCAL DEFICITS
FOREIGN CAPITAL
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE
FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
FUND MANAGEMENT
FUND MANAGER
GENDER
GLOBAL BUSINESS
GLOBAL ECONOMY
GLOBAL TRADE
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT CAPACITIES
GROSS DEBT
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
GROUP LENDING
GUARANTEE AGENCY
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INCOME
INCOME GROUP
INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
INVESTING
INVESTMENT BANK
INVESTMENT DECISION
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT LOANS
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
INVESTMENT RISKS
INVESTMENT VOLUMES
ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK
ISSUANCE
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LEGAL OBLIGATIONS
LEGAL RIGHT
LIABILITY
LIQUIDITY
LOAN
LOCAL CURRENCY
LONG-TERM CAPITAL
LONG-TERM INVESTOR
LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
LOW-INCOME COUNTRY
MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS
MACROECONOMIC STABILITY
MARKET CONFIDENCE
MARKET DEVELOPMENTS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MDB
MFI
MICROFINANCE
MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRY
MONETARY FUND
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS
NEGATIVE SHOCKS
NEW BUSINESS
NONPERFORMING LOAN
NONPERFORMING LOANS
OUTREACH
PENSION
POLITICAL ECONOMY
POLITICAL RISK
PORTFOLIO
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE CAPITAL FLOWS
PRIVATE EQUITY
PRIVATE FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTMENTS
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
REAL SECTOR
RECAPITALIZATION
REGIONAL BANKS
REORGANIZATION
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
RISK AVERSION
RISK PERCEPTIONS
RISK PREMIUMS
SAFETY NET
SETTLEMENT
SHARE OF EQUITY
SHORT-TERM FINANCING
SHORT-TERM LIQUIDITY
SHORT-TERM TRADE FINANCE
SMALL ENTERPRISES
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL SAFETY NETS
SOCIAL SECURITY
SUBSIDIARIES
SUBSIDIARY
SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCING
SUPPLY CHAIN
SUSTAINABLE GROWTH
SWAPS
TRANSPORT
TRUST FUND
TRUST FUNDS
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNION
VULNERABLE GROUPS
spellingShingle ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCOUNTABILITY
ACCOUNTING
ADB
ADVANCED ECONOMIES
ADVISORY SERVICES
ADVISORY WORK
ASSET MANAGEMENT
BALANCE SHEET
BANK ASSET
BANK CAPITALIZATION
BANK FINANCING
BANK LENDING
BANK LENDING COMMITMENTS
BANKING SECTOR
BASIC NEEDS
BINDING CONSTRAINT
BORROWING
BORROWING COSTS
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
BUSINESS VOLUME
CAPACITY BUILDING
CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL FLOWS
CASH TRANSFER
COMMERCIAL FINANCE
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
CONSOLIDATION
CONVERSIONS
COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE
COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
COUNTRY DEBT
COUNTRY RISK
CREDIBILITY
DEBT
DEBTS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE COMPANY
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
DISBURSEMENT
DISBURSEMENTS
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC CRISIS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC POLICY
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EIB
EMERGING MARKETS
EMPLOYMENT
EQUITY CAPITAL
EQUITY FUND
EQUITY PRODUCTS
EXPENDITURE
EXPLOITATION
EXTREME POVERTY
FACTORING
FAMILIES
FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY
FINANCE COMPANY
FINANCE CORPORATION
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL FLOWS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SECTOR
FINANCIAL SECTOR ASSESSMENT
FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORM
FINANCIAL STRESS
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FINANCING FACILITY
FINANCING NEEDS
FISCAL DEFICITS
FOREIGN CAPITAL
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE
FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
FUND MANAGEMENT
FUND MANAGER
GENDER
GLOBAL BUSINESS
GLOBAL ECONOMY
GLOBAL TRADE
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT CAPACITIES
GROSS DEBT
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
GROUP LENDING
GUARANTEE AGENCY
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INCOME
INCOME GROUP
INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
INVESTING
INVESTMENT BANK
INVESTMENT DECISION
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT LOANS
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
INVESTMENT RISKS
INVESTMENT VOLUMES
ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK
ISSUANCE
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LEGAL OBLIGATIONS
LEGAL RIGHT
LIABILITY
LIQUIDITY
LOAN
LOCAL CURRENCY
LONG-TERM CAPITAL
LONG-TERM INVESTOR
LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
LOW-INCOME COUNTRY
MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS
MACROECONOMIC STABILITY
MARKET CONFIDENCE
MARKET DEVELOPMENTS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MDB
MFI
MICROFINANCE
MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRY
MONETARY FUND
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS
NEGATIVE SHOCKS
NEW BUSINESS
NONPERFORMING LOAN
NONPERFORMING LOANS
OUTREACH
PENSION
POLITICAL ECONOMY
POLITICAL RISK
PORTFOLIO
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE CAPITAL FLOWS
PRIVATE EQUITY
PRIVATE FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTMENTS
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
REAL SECTOR
RECAPITALIZATION
REGIONAL BANKS
REORGANIZATION
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
RISK AVERSION
RISK PERCEPTIONS
RISK PREMIUMS
SAFETY NET
SETTLEMENT
SHARE OF EQUITY
SHORT-TERM FINANCING
SHORT-TERM LIQUIDITY
SHORT-TERM TRADE FINANCE
SMALL ENTERPRISES
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL SAFETY NETS
SOCIAL SECURITY
SUBSIDIARIES
SUBSIDIARY
SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCING
SUPPLY CHAIN
SUSTAINABLE GROWTH
SWAPS
TRANSPORT
TRUST FUND
TRUST FUNDS
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNION
VULNERABLE GROUPS
ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCOUNTABILITY
ACCOUNTING
ADB
ADVANCED ECONOMIES
ADVISORY SERVICES
ADVISORY WORK
ASSET MANAGEMENT
BALANCE SHEET
BANK ASSET
BANK CAPITALIZATION
BANK FINANCING
BANK LENDING
BANK LENDING COMMITMENTS
BANKING SECTOR
BASIC NEEDS
BINDING CONSTRAINT
BORROWING
BORROWING COSTS
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
BUSINESS VOLUME
CAPACITY BUILDING
CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL FLOWS
CASH TRANSFER
COMMERCIAL FINANCE
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
CONSOLIDATION
CONVERSIONS
COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE
COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
COUNTRY DEBT
COUNTRY RISK
CREDIBILITY
DEBT
DEBTS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE COMPANY
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
DISBURSEMENT
DISBURSEMENTS
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC CRISIS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC POLICY
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EIB
EMERGING MARKETS
EMPLOYMENT
EQUITY CAPITAL
EQUITY FUND
EQUITY PRODUCTS
EXPENDITURE
EXPLOITATION
EXTREME POVERTY
FACTORING
FAMILIES
FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY
FINANCE COMPANY
FINANCE CORPORATION
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL FLOWS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SECTOR
FINANCIAL SECTOR ASSESSMENT
FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORM
FINANCIAL STRESS
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FINANCING FACILITY
FINANCING NEEDS
FISCAL DEFICITS
FOREIGN CAPITAL
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE
FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
FUND MANAGEMENT
FUND MANAGER
GENDER
GLOBAL BUSINESS
GLOBAL ECONOMY
GLOBAL TRADE
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT CAPACITIES
GROSS DEBT
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
GROUP LENDING
GUARANTEE AGENCY
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INCOME
INCOME GROUP
INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
INVESTING
INVESTMENT BANK
INVESTMENT DECISION
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT LOANS
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
INVESTMENT RISKS
INVESTMENT VOLUMES
ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK
ISSUANCE
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LEGAL OBLIGATIONS
LEGAL RIGHT
LIABILITY
LIQUIDITY
LOAN
LOCAL CURRENCY
LONG-TERM CAPITAL
LONG-TERM INVESTOR
LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
LOW-INCOME COUNTRY
MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS
MACROECONOMIC STABILITY
MARKET CONFIDENCE
MARKET DEVELOPMENTS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MDB
MFI
MICROFINANCE
MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRY
MONETARY FUND
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS
NEGATIVE SHOCKS
NEW BUSINESS
NONPERFORMING LOAN
NONPERFORMING LOANS
OUTREACH
PENSION
POLITICAL ECONOMY
POLITICAL RISK
PORTFOLIO
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE CAPITAL FLOWS
PRIVATE EQUITY
PRIVATE FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTMENTS
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
REAL SECTOR
RECAPITALIZATION
REGIONAL BANKS
REORGANIZATION
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
RISK AVERSION
RISK PERCEPTIONS
RISK PREMIUMS
SAFETY NET
SETTLEMENT
SHARE OF EQUITY
SHORT-TERM FINANCING
SHORT-TERM LIQUIDITY
SHORT-TERM TRADE FINANCE
SMALL ENTERPRISES
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL SAFETY NETS
SOCIAL SECURITY
SUBSIDIARIES
SUBSIDIARY
SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCING
SUPPLY CHAIN
SUSTAINABLE GROWTH
SWAPS
TRANSPORT
TRUST FUND
TRUST FUNDS
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNION
VULNERABLE GROUPS
Independent Evaluation Group
The World Bank Group's Response to the Global Economic Crisis : Phase 1
description The global economic crisis that began in 2008 threatened to erase years of progress in developing countries. In response, the World Bank Group increased lending to unprecedented levels. The World Bank posted a large increase in middle income countries (MICs), and a much smaller one in low income countries (LICs). The International Finance Corporation (IFC) focused on trade finance, mainly in LICs. Its new business initially fell in MICs, rebounding only in late fiscal 2010. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) concentrated on guarantees in Eastern Europe. Analytic and advisory work helped inform government and private sector responses to the crisis. This report presents an initial real-time evaluation of the readiness, relevance, quality-at-entry, short-term results, and likely sustainability of the Bank Group response from the start of the crisis through fiscal 2010. This evaluation builds on a 2008 Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) assessment of Bank Group interventions during past crises and draws extensively on 11 country case studies and field visits. Given the short time since the crisis response started, the evaluation is geared more to raising flags than to presenting definitive conclusions.
topic_facet ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCOUNTABILITY
ACCOUNTING
ADB
ADVANCED ECONOMIES
ADVISORY SERVICES
ADVISORY WORK
ASSET MANAGEMENT
BALANCE SHEET
BANK ASSET
BANK CAPITALIZATION
BANK FINANCING
BANK LENDING
BANK LENDING COMMITMENTS
BANKING SECTOR
BASIC NEEDS
BINDING CONSTRAINT
BORROWING
BORROWING COSTS
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
BUSINESS VOLUME
CAPACITY BUILDING
CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL FLOWS
CASH TRANSFER
COMMERCIAL FINANCE
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
CONSOLIDATION
CONVERSIONS
COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE
COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
COUNTRY DEBT
COUNTRY RISK
CREDIBILITY
DEBT
DEBTS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE COMPANY
DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
DISBURSEMENT
DISBURSEMENTS
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC CRISIS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC POLICY
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EIB
EMERGING MARKETS
EMPLOYMENT
EQUITY CAPITAL
EQUITY FUND
EQUITY PRODUCTS
EXPENDITURE
EXPLOITATION
EXTREME POVERTY
FACTORING
FAMILIES
FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY
FINANCE COMPANY
FINANCE CORPORATION
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
FINANCIAL CAPACITY
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL FLOWS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SECTOR
FINANCIAL SECTOR ASSESSMENT
FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORM
FINANCIAL STRESS
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FINANCING FACILITY
FINANCING NEEDS
FISCAL DEFICITS
FOREIGN CAPITAL
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE
FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
FUND MANAGEMENT
FUND MANAGER
GENDER
GLOBAL BUSINESS
GLOBAL ECONOMY
GLOBAL TRADE
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT CAPACITIES
GROSS DEBT
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
GROUP LENDING
GUARANTEE AGENCY
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INCOME
INCOME GROUP
INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
INVESTING
INVESTMENT BANK
INVESTMENT DECISION
INVESTMENT DECISIONS
INVESTMENT LOANS
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
INVESTMENT RISKS
INVESTMENT VOLUMES
ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK
ISSUANCE
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LEGAL OBLIGATIONS
LEGAL RIGHT
LIABILITY
LIQUIDITY
LOAN
LOCAL CURRENCY
LONG-TERM CAPITAL
LONG-TERM INVESTOR
LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
LOW-INCOME COUNTRY
MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS
MACROECONOMIC STABILITY
MARKET CONFIDENCE
MARKET DEVELOPMENTS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MDB
MFI
MICROFINANCE
MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRY
MONETARY FUND
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS
NEGATIVE SHOCKS
NEW BUSINESS
NONPERFORMING LOAN
NONPERFORMING LOANS
OUTREACH
PENSION
POLITICAL ECONOMY
POLITICAL RISK
PORTFOLIO
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE CAPITAL FLOWS
PRIVATE EQUITY
PRIVATE FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTMENTS
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
REAL SECTOR
RECAPITALIZATION
REGIONAL BANKS
REORGANIZATION
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
RISK AVERSION
RISK PERCEPTIONS
RISK PREMIUMS
SAFETY NET
SETTLEMENT
SHARE OF EQUITY
SHORT-TERM FINANCING
SHORT-TERM LIQUIDITY
SHORT-TERM TRADE FINANCE
SMALL ENTERPRISES
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL SAFETY NETS
SOCIAL SECURITY
SUBSIDIARIES
SUBSIDIARY
SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCING
SUPPLY CHAIN
SUSTAINABLE GROWTH
SWAPS
TRANSPORT
TRUST FUND
TRUST FUNDS
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNION
VULNERABLE GROUPS
author Independent Evaluation Group
author_facet Independent Evaluation Group
author_sort Independent Evaluation Group
title The World Bank Group's Response to the Global Economic Crisis : Phase 1
title_short The World Bank Group's Response to the Global Economic Crisis : Phase 1
title_full The World Bank Group's Response to the Global Economic Crisis : Phase 1
title_fullStr The World Bank Group's Response to the Global Economic Crisis : Phase 1
title_full_unstemmed The World Bank Group's Response to the Global Economic Crisis : Phase 1
title_sort world bank group's response to the global economic crisis : phase 1
publisher Washington, DC: World Bank
publishDate 2011
url http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20110408013319
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2277
work_keys_str_mv AT independentevaluationgroup theworldbankgroupsresponsetotheglobaleconomiccrisisphase1
AT independentevaluationgroup worldbankgroupsresponsetotheglobaleconomiccrisisphase1
_version_ 1807159116112592896
spelling dig-okr-1098622772024-08-08T15:44:38Z The World Bank Group's Response to the Global Economic Crisis : Phase 1 Independent Evaluation Group ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCOUNTABILITY ACCOUNTING ADB ADVANCED ECONOMIES ADVISORY SERVICES ADVISORY WORK ASSET MANAGEMENT BALANCE SHEET BANK ASSET BANK CAPITALIZATION BANK FINANCING BANK LENDING BANK LENDING COMMITMENTS BANKING SECTOR BASIC NEEDS BINDING CONSTRAINT BORROWING BORROWING COSTS BUDGET CONSTRAINTS BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT BUSINESS VOLUME CAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL ADEQUACY CAPITAL FLOWS CASH TRANSFER COMMERCIAL FINANCE CONFLICT OF INTEREST CONFLICTS OF INTEREST CONSOLIDATION CONVERSIONS COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COUNTRY DEBT COUNTRY RISK CREDIBILITY DEBT DEBTS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT FINANCE DEVELOPMENT FINANCE COMPANY DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTIONS DISBURSEMENT DISBURSEMENTS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIES OF SCALE EIB EMERGING MARKETS EMPLOYMENT EQUITY CAPITAL EQUITY FUND EQUITY PRODUCTS EXPENDITURE EXPLOITATION EXTREME POVERTY FACTORING FAMILIES FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY FINANCE COMPANY FINANCE CORPORATION FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FINANCIAL CAPACITY FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL FLOWS FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FINANCIAL SECTOR FINANCIAL SECTOR ASSESSMENT FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORM FINANCIAL STRESS FINANCIAL SUPPORT FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY FINANCIAL SYSTEMS FINANCING FACILITY FINANCING NEEDS FISCAL DEFICITS FOREIGN CAPITAL FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE FOREIGN INVESTMENTS FUND MANAGEMENT FUND MANAGER GENDER GLOBAL BUSINESS GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL TRADE GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT CAPACITIES GROSS DEBT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROUP LENDING GUARANTEE AGENCY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME GROUP INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY INSTRUMENT INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS INVESTING INVESTMENT BANK INVESTMENT DECISION INVESTMENT DECISIONS INVESTMENT LOANS INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY INVESTMENT PROJECTS INVESTMENT RISKS INVESTMENT VOLUMES ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK ISSUANCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LEGAL OBLIGATIONS LEGAL RIGHT LIABILITY LIQUIDITY LOAN LOCAL CURRENCY LONG-TERM CAPITAL LONG-TERM INVESTOR LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOW-INCOME COUNTRY MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MARKET CONFIDENCE MARKET DEVELOPMENTS MATURITIES MATURITY MDB MFI MICROFINANCE MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRY MONETARY FUND MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS NEGATIVE SHOCKS NEW BUSINESS NONPERFORMING LOAN NONPERFORMING LOANS OUTREACH PENSION POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL RISK PORTFOLIO PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT PRIVATE CAPITAL PRIVATE CAPITAL FLOWS PRIVATE EQUITY PRIVATE FINANCIAL INSTITUTION PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE INVESTMENTS PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTIVITY PROFITABILITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC INVESTMENT REAL SECTOR RECAPITALIZATION REGIONAL BANKS REORGANIZATION RESOURCE ALLOCATION RISK AVERSION RISK PERCEPTIONS RISK PREMIUMS SAFETY NET SETTLEMENT SHARE OF EQUITY SHORT-TERM FINANCING SHORT-TERM LIQUIDITY SHORT-TERM TRADE FINANCE SMALL ENTERPRISES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL SAFETY NETS SOCIAL SECURITY SUBSIDIARIES SUBSIDIARY SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCING SUPPLY CHAIN SUSTAINABLE GROWTH SWAPS TRANSPORT TRUST FUND TRUST FUNDS UNEMPLOYMENT UNION VULNERABLE GROUPS The global economic crisis that began in 2008 threatened to erase years of progress in developing countries. In response, the World Bank Group increased lending to unprecedented levels. The World Bank posted a large increase in middle income countries (MICs), and a much smaller one in low income countries (LICs). The International Finance Corporation (IFC) focused on trade finance, mainly in LICs. Its new business initially fell in MICs, rebounding only in late fiscal 2010. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) concentrated on guarantees in Eastern Europe. Analytic and advisory work helped inform government and private sector responses to the crisis. This report presents an initial real-time evaluation of the readiness, relevance, quality-at-entry, short-term results, and likely sustainability of the Bank Group response from the start of the crisis through fiscal 2010. This evaluation builds on a 2008 Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) assessment of Bank Group interventions during past crises and draws extensively on 11 country case studies and field visits. Given the short time since the crisis response started, the evaluation is geared more to raising flags than to presenting definitive conclusions. 2012-03-19T09:03:03Z 2012-03-19T09:03:03Z 2011 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20110408013319 978-0-8213-8665-1 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2277 English CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain Washington, DC: World Bank