Educating the Next Generation : Improving Teacher Quality in Cambodia

This book diagnoses Cambodian teaching quality and presents policy options for reform. Through classroom observation, assessments of mathematics and pedagogical content knowledge, and surveys of teachers and school directors, it sheds light on content and instruction, interactions with school directors, instructional support systems, and the implementation of teacher standards. The book investigates the competencies and skills of those attracted to teaching; it assesses the extent to which preservice education in Cambodia is delivering graduates with high content mastery and exposure to a student-centered learning environment; and it examines how teacher performance has been impacted by national incentives, an evaluation system that is disconnected from classroom realities, and the extent to which opportunities to learn and share best-practice lessons with peers exists. Out of the diagnosis follow three policy pillars to reform how teachers are trained, maintained, and motivated. First, the government must make teaching a much more attractive profession. Second, it must improve how teachers are prepared. And third, it must encourage stronger classroom performance. The book contains detailed recommendations under each policy pillar and provides the platform for Cambodia to undertake its next generation of educational reform.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Fukao, Tsuyoshi, Tandon, Prateek
Language:English
en_US
Published: Washington, DC: World Bank 2015
Subjects:ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ADMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS, AVERAGE SCORE, BASIC EDUCATION, BEGINNING TEACHERS, CALL, CAREER, CAREERS, CIVIL SERVICE, CLASS ACTIVITIES, CLASS TIME, CLASSROOM, CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION, CLASSROOM PRACTICE, CLASSROOM RESEARCH, CLASSROOMS, COGNITIVE SKILLS, CURRICULA, CURRICULAR GUIDELINES, CURRICULUM, DOUBLE SHIFT, DOUBLE SHIFTS, DOUBLE-SHIFT, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, EARLY EDUCATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION, EDUCATION BUDGET, EDUCATION EXPENDITURE, EDUCATION FINANCE, EDUCATION INVESTMENT, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATION MANAGEMENT, EDUCATION PROGRAMS, EDUCATION QUALITY, EDUCATION REFORM, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATION SPENDING, EDUCATION SYSTEM, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, EDUCATION TEACHERS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS, EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATIONAL QUALITY, EDUCATIONAL REFORM, EFFECTIVE TEACHERS, EFFECTIVE TEACHING, EMPLOYMENT, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT RATE, ENTRANCE EXAM, EQUAL ACCESS, EXAM, EXAMINATION PROCESS, EXAMS, EXIT EXAMINATION, EXPENDITURES, FEMALE TEACHERS, GENDER GAP, GENDER PARITY, GENDER PARITY INDEX, GIRLS, GRADE LEVELS, GRADING, HEAD TEACHER, HIGH SCHOOL, HIGHER EDUCATION, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RESOURCES, INSTRUCTION, INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, JOB SECURITY, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKETS, LEADERSHIP, LEARNING, LEARNING ENVIRONMENT, LEARNING OUTCOMES, LESSON PLANNING, LESSON PLANS, LITERATURE, LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION, MATH ACHIEVEMENT, MATHEMATICS, MEDICAL DOCTORS, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MULTIGRADE TEACHING, NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS, NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, NET ENROLLMENT, OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN, PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE, PEDAGOGICAL MODEL, PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES, PEDAGOGY, PRESERVICE EDUCATION, PRIMARY DATA, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY EDUCATION SPENDING, PRIMARY ENROLLMENTS, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PRIMARY TEACHER, PRIMARY TEACHERS, PRIVATE TUTORING, PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS, PUBLIC EDUCATION SPENDING, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC SCHOOL, QUALITY INSTRUCTION, QUALITY TEACHERS, QUALITY TEACHING, READING, REMOTE SCHOOLS, RESEARCH INSTITUTE, RESEARCH REPORT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL SCHOOL, RURAL SCHOOLS, SALARY INCREASES, SCHOLARSHIPS, SCHOOL DIRECTORS, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS, SCHOOL LOCATION, SCHOOL MANAGEMENT, SCHOOL MANAGEMENT TEAM, SCHOOL PRINCIPALS, SCHOOL QUALITY, SCHOOL SIZE, SCHOOL SUPPORT, SCHOOL SYSTEMS, SCHOOL TEACHER, SCHOOL TEACHERS, SCHOOL YEAR, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLS, SCIENCE STUDY, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATES, SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS, SECONDARY STUDENTS, SPORTS, STOCK OF TEACHERS, STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT, STUDENT ATTENDANCE, STUDENT LEARNING, STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES, STUDENT PERFORMANCE, STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING, TEACHER, TEACHER ATTRITION, TEACHER COMPETENCIES, TEACHER DEVELOPMENT, TEACHER EDUCATION, TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS, TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS, TEACHER EVALUATION, TEACHER EVALUATIONS, TEACHER PAY, TEACHER PERFORMANCE, TEACHER PREPARATION, TEACHER QUALITY, TEACHER SALARIES, TEACHER SHORTAGE, TEACHER SHORTAGES, TEACHER STANDARDS, TEACHER SUPPLY, TEACHER SUPPORT, TEACHER TRAINEES, TEACHER TRAINERS, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHER TURNOVER, TEACHER WORKFORCE, TEACHER-STUDENT RATIO, TEACHER-STUDENT RATIOS, TEACHERS, TEACHERS IN SERVICE, TEACHER­TEACHER, TEACHING, TEACHING EXPERIENCE, TEACHING FORCE, TEACHING MATERIALS, TEACHING METHODS, TEACHING PERFORMANCE, TEACHING PRACTICE, TEACHING QUALITY, TEACHING-LEARNING, TEACHING-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TEST SCORES, TRAINEES, TRAINING CENTERS, TRAINING COLLEGE, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, UNIVERSITIES, UNIVERSITY TEACHERS, URBAN SCHOOLS, VISITS TO CLASSROOMS, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS, WORKERS, YOUTH,
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/01/23091473/educating-next-generation-improving-teacher-quality-cambodia
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/21002
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record_format koha
institution Banco Mundial
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country Estados Unidos
countrycode US
component Bibliográfico
access En linea
databasecode dig-okr
tag biblioteca
region America del Norte
libraryname Biblioteca del Banco Mundial
language English
en_US
topic ACCESS TO EDUCATION
ADMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS
AVERAGE SCORE
BASIC EDUCATION
BEGINNING TEACHERS
CALL
CAREER
CAREERS
CIVIL SERVICE
CLASS ACTIVITIES
CLASS TIME
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION
CLASSROOM PRACTICE
CLASSROOM RESEARCH
CLASSROOMS
COGNITIVE SKILLS
CURRICULA
CURRICULAR GUIDELINES
CURRICULUM
DOUBLE SHIFT
DOUBLE SHIFTS
DOUBLE-SHIFT
EARLY CHILDHOOD
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
EARLY EDUCATION
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION
EDUCATION BUDGET
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
EDUCATION FINANCE
EDUCATION INVESTMENT
EDUCATION LEVEL
EDUCATION MANAGEMENT
EDUCATION PROGRAMS
EDUCATION QUALITY
EDUCATION REFORM
EDUCATION SECTOR
EDUCATION SPENDING
EDUCATION SYSTEM
EDUCATION SYSTEMS
EDUCATION TEACHERS
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL REFORM
EFFECTIVE TEACHERS
EFFECTIVE TEACHING
EMPLOYMENT
ENROLLMENT
ENROLLMENT RATE
ENTRANCE EXAM
EQUAL ACCESS
EXAM
EXAMINATION PROCESS
EXAMS
EXIT EXAMINATION
EXPENDITURES
FEMALE TEACHERS
GENDER GAP
GENDER PARITY
GENDER PARITY INDEX
GIRLS
GRADE LEVELS
GRADING
HEAD TEACHER
HIGH SCHOOL
HIGHER EDUCATION
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN RESOURCES
INSTRUCTION
INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT
INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION
JOB SECURITY
LABOR FORCE
LABOR MARKETS
LEADERSHIP
LEARNING
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LESSON PLANNING
LESSON PLANS
LITERATURE
LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION
MATH ACHIEVEMENT
MATHEMATICS
MEDICAL DOCTORS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MULTIGRADE TEACHING
NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
NET ENROLLMENT
OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN
PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE
PEDAGOGICAL MODEL
PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES
PEDAGOGY
PRESERVICE EDUCATION
PRIMARY DATA
PRIMARY EDUCATION
PRIMARY EDUCATION SPENDING
PRIMARY ENROLLMENTS
PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
PRIMARY SCHOOLS
PRIMARY TEACHER
PRIMARY TEACHERS
PRIVATE TUTORING
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
PUBLIC EDUCATION SPENDING
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC SCHOOL
QUALITY INSTRUCTION
QUALITY TEACHERS
QUALITY TEACHING
READING
REMOTE SCHOOLS
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
RESEARCH REPORT
RURAL AREAS
RURAL SCHOOL
RURAL SCHOOLS
SALARY INCREASES
SCHOLARSHIPS
SCHOOL DIRECTORS
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS
SCHOOL LOCATION
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT TEAM
SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
SCHOOL QUALITY
SCHOOL SIZE
SCHOOL SUPPORT
SCHOOL SYSTEMS
SCHOOL TEACHER
SCHOOL TEACHERS
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCIENCE STUDY
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOL
SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATES
SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
SECONDARY STUDENTS
SPORTS
STOCK OF TEACHERS
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ATTENDANCE
STUDENT LEARNING
STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING
TEACHER
TEACHER ATTRITION
TEACHER COMPETENCIES
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER EDUCATION
TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS
TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS
TEACHER EVALUATION
TEACHER EVALUATIONS
TEACHER PAY
TEACHER PERFORMANCE
TEACHER PREPARATION
TEACHER QUALITY
TEACHER SALARIES
TEACHER SHORTAGE
TEACHER SHORTAGES
TEACHER STANDARDS
TEACHER SUPPLY
TEACHER SUPPORT
TEACHER TRAINEES
TEACHER TRAINERS
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER TURNOVER
TEACHER WORKFORCE
TEACHER-STUDENT RATIO
TEACHER-STUDENT RATIOS
TEACHERS
TEACHERS IN SERVICE
TEACHER­TEACHER
TEACHING
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
TEACHING FORCE
TEACHING MATERIALS
TEACHING METHODS
TEACHING PERFORMANCE
TEACHING PRACTICE
TEACHING QUALITY
TEACHING-LEARNING
TEACHING-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TEST SCORES
TRAINEES
TRAINING CENTERS
TRAINING COLLEGE
UNIVERSAL ACCESS
UNIVERSITIES
UNIVERSITY TEACHERS
URBAN SCHOOLS
VISITS TO CLASSROOMS
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS
WORKERS
YOUTH
ACCESS TO EDUCATION
ADMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS
AVERAGE SCORE
BASIC EDUCATION
BEGINNING TEACHERS
CALL
CAREER
CAREERS
CIVIL SERVICE
CLASS ACTIVITIES
CLASS TIME
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION
CLASSROOM PRACTICE
CLASSROOM RESEARCH
CLASSROOMS
COGNITIVE SKILLS
CURRICULA
CURRICULAR GUIDELINES
CURRICULUM
DOUBLE SHIFT
DOUBLE SHIFTS
DOUBLE-SHIFT
EARLY CHILDHOOD
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
EARLY EDUCATION
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION
EDUCATION BUDGET
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
EDUCATION FINANCE
EDUCATION INVESTMENT
EDUCATION LEVEL
EDUCATION MANAGEMENT
EDUCATION PROGRAMS
EDUCATION QUALITY
EDUCATION REFORM
EDUCATION SECTOR
EDUCATION SPENDING
EDUCATION SYSTEM
EDUCATION SYSTEMS
EDUCATION TEACHERS
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL REFORM
EFFECTIVE TEACHERS
EFFECTIVE TEACHING
EMPLOYMENT
ENROLLMENT
ENROLLMENT RATE
ENTRANCE EXAM
EQUAL ACCESS
EXAM
EXAMINATION PROCESS
EXAMS
EXIT EXAMINATION
EXPENDITURES
FEMALE TEACHERS
GENDER GAP
GENDER PARITY
GENDER PARITY INDEX
GIRLS
GRADE LEVELS
GRADING
HEAD TEACHER
HIGH SCHOOL
HIGHER EDUCATION
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN RESOURCES
INSTRUCTION
INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT
INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION
JOB SECURITY
LABOR FORCE
LABOR MARKETS
LEADERSHIP
LEARNING
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LESSON PLANNING
LESSON PLANS
LITERATURE
LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION
MATH ACHIEVEMENT
MATHEMATICS
MEDICAL DOCTORS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MULTIGRADE TEACHING
NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
NET ENROLLMENT
OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN
PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE
PEDAGOGICAL MODEL
PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES
PEDAGOGY
PRESERVICE EDUCATION
PRIMARY DATA
PRIMARY EDUCATION
PRIMARY EDUCATION SPENDING
PRIMARY ENROLLMENTS
PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
PRIMARY SCHOOLS
PRIMARY TEACHER
PRIMARY TEACHERS
PRIVATE TUTORING
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
PUBLIC EDUCATION SPENDING
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC SCHOOL
QUALITY INSTRUCTION
QUALITY TEACHERS
QUALITY TEACHING
READING
REMOTE SCHOOLS
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
RESEARCH REPORT
RURAL AREAS
RURAL SCHOOL
RURAL SCHOOLS
SALARY INCREASES
SCHOLARSHIPS
SCHOOL DIRECTORS
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS
SCHOOL LOCATION
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT TEAM
SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
SCHOOL QUALITY
SCHOOL SIZE
SCHOOL SUPPORT
SCHOOL SYSTEMS
SCHOOL TEACHER
SCHOOL TEACHERS
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCIENCE STUDY
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOL
SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATES
SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
SECONDARY STUDENTS
SPORTS
STOCK OF TEACHERS
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ATTENDANCE
STUDENT LEARNING
STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING
TEACHER
TEACHER ATTRITION
TEACHER COMPETENCIES
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER EDUCATION
TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS
TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS
TEACHER EVALUATION
TEACHER EVALUATIONS
TEACHER PAY
TEACHER PERFORMANCE
TEACHER PREPARATION
TEACHER QUALITY
TEACHER SALARIES
TEACHER SHORTAGE
TEACHER SHORTAGES
TEACHER STANDARDS
TEACHER SUPPLY
TEACHER SUPPORT
TEACHER TRAINEES
TEACHER TRAINERS
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER TURNOVER
TEACHER WORKFORCE
TEACHER-STUDENT RATIO
TEACHER-STUDENT RATIOS
TEACHERS
TEACHERS IN SERVICE
TEACHER­TEACHER
TEACHING
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
TEACHING FORCE
TEACHING MATERIALS
TEACHING METHODS
TEACHING PERFORMANCE
TEACHING PRACTICE
TEACHING QUALITY
TEACHING-LEARNING
TEACHING-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TEST SCORES
TRAINEES
TRAINING CENTERS
TRAINING COLLEGE
UNIVERSAL ACCESS
UNIVERSITIES
UNIVERSITY TEACHERS
URBAN SCHOOLS
VISITS TO CLASSROOMS
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS
WORKERS
YOUTH
spellingShingle ACCESS TO EDUCATION
ADMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS
AVERAGE SCORE
BASIC EDUCATION
BEGINNING TEACHERS
CALL
CAREER
CAREERS
CIVIL SERVICE
CLASS ACTIVITIES
CLASS TIME
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION
CLASSROOM PRACTICE
CLASSROOM RESEARCH
CLASSROOMS
COGNITIVE SKILLS
CURRICULA
CURRICULAR GUIDELINES
CURRICULUM
DOUBLE SHIFT
DOUBLE SHIFTS
DOUBLE-SHIFT
EARLY CHILDHOOD
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
EARLY EDUCATION
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION
EDUCATION BUDGET
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
EDUCATION FINANCE
EDUCATION INVESTMENT
EDUCATION LEVEL
EDUCATION MANAGEMENT
EDUCATION PROGRAMS
EDUCATION QUALITY
EDUCATION REFORM
EDUCATION SECTOR
EDUCATION SPENDING
EDUCATION SYSTEM
EDUCATION SYSTEMS
EDUCATION TEACHERS
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL REFORM
EFFECTIVE TEACHERS
EFFECTIVE TEACHING
EMPLOYMENT
ENROLLMENT
ENROLLMENT RATE
ENTRANCE EXAM
EQUAL ACCESS
EXAM
EXAMINATION PROCESS
EXAMS
EXIT EXAMINATION
EXPENDITURES
FEMALE TEACHERS
GENDER GAP
GENDER PARITY
GENDER PARITY INDEX
GIRLS
GRADE LEVELS
GRADING
HEAD TEACHER
HIGH SCHOOL
HIGHER EDUCATION
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN RESOURCES
INSTRUCTION
INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT
INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION
JOB SECURITY
LABOR FORCE
LABOR MARKETS
LEADERSHIP
LEARNING
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LESSON PLANNING
LESSON PLANS
LITERATURE
LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION
MATH ACHIEVEMENT
MATHEMATICS
MEDICAL DOCTORS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MULTIGRADE TEACHING
NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
NET ENROLLMENT
OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN
PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE
PEDAGOGICAL MODEL
PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES
PEDAGOGY
PRESERVICE EDUCATION
PRIMARY DATA
PRIMARY EDUCATION
PRIMARY EDUCATION SPENDING
PRIMARY ENROLLMENTS
PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
PRIMARY SCHOOLS
PRIMARY TEACHER
PRIMARY TEACHERS
PRIVATE TUTORING
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
PUBLIC EDUCATION SPENDING
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC SCHOOL
QUALITY INSTRUCTION
QUALITY TEACHERS
QUALITY TEACHING
READING
REMOTE SCHOOLS
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
RESEARCH REPORT
RURAL AREAS
RURAL SCHOOL
RURAL SCHOOLS
SALARY INCREASES
SCHOLARSHIPS
SCHOOL DIRECTORS
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS
SCHOOL LOCATION
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT TEAM
SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
SCHOOL QUALITY
SCHOOL SIZE
SCHOOL SUPPORT
SCHOOL SYSTEMS
SCHOOL TEACHER
SCHOOL TEACHERS
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCIENCE STUDY
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOL
SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATES
SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
SECONDARY STUDENTS
SPORTS
STOCK OF TEACHERS
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ATTENDANCE
STUDENT LEARNING
STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING
TEACHER
TEACHER ATTRITION
TEACHER COMPETENCIES
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER EDUCATION
TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS
TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS
TEACHER EVALUATION
TEACHER EVALUATIONS
TEACHER PAY
TEACHER PERFORMANCE
TEACHER PREPARATION
TEACHER QUALITY
TEACHER SALARIES
TEACHER SHORTAGE
TEACHER SHORTAGES
TEACHER STANDARDS
TEACHER SUPPLY
TEACHER SUPPORT
TEACHER TRAINEES
TEACHER TRAINERS
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER TURNOVER
TEACHER WORKFORCE
TEACHER-STUDENT RATIO
TEACHER-STUDENT RATIOS
TEACHERS
TEACHERS IN SERVICE
TEACHER­TEACHER
TEACHING
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
TEACHING FORCE
TEACHING MATERIALS
TEACHING METHODS
TEACHING PERFORMANCE
TEACHING PRACTICE
TEACHING QUALITY
TEACHING-LEARNING
TEACHING-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TEST SCORES
TRAINEES
TRAINING CENTERS
TRAINING COLLEGE
UNIVERSAL ACCESS
UNIVERSITIES
UNIVERSITY TEACHERS
URBAN SCHOOLS
VISITS TO CLASSROOMS
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS
WORKERS
YOUTH
ACCESS TO EDUCATION
ADMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS
AVERAGE SCORE
BASIC EDUCATION
BEGINNING TEACHERS
CALL
CAREER
CAREERS
CIVIL SERVICE
CLASS ACTIVITIES
CLASS TIME
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION
CLASSROOM PRACTICE
CLASSROOM RESEARCH
CLASSROOMS
COGNITIVE SKILLS
CURRICULA
CURRICULAR GUIDELINES
CURRICULUM
DOUBLE SHIFT
DOUBLE SHIFTS
DOUBLE-SHIFT
EARLY CHILDHOOD
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
EARLY EDUCATION
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION
EDUCATION BUDGET
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
EDUCATION FINANCE
EDUCATION INVESTMENT
EDUCATION LEVEL
EDUCATION MANAGEMENT
EDUCATION PROGRAMS
EDUCATION QUALITY
EDUCATION REFORM
EDUCATION SECTOR
EDUCATION SPENDING
EDUCATION SYSTEM
EDUCATION SYSTEMS
EDUCATION TEACHERS
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL REFORM
EFFECTIVE TEACHERS
EFFECTIVE TEACHING
EMPLOYMENT
ENROLLMENT
ENROLLMENT RATE
ENTRANCE EXAM
EQUAL ACCESS
EXAM
EXAMINATION PROCESS
EXAMS
EXIT EXAMINATION
EXPENDITURES
FEMALE TEACHERS
GENDER GAP
GENDER PARITY
GENDER PARITY INDEX
GIRLS
GRADE LEVELS
GRADING
HEAD TEACHER
HIGH SCHOOL
HIGHER EDUCATION
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN RESOURCES
INSTRUCTION
INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT
INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION
JOB SECURITY
LABOR FORCE
LABOR MARKETS
LEADERSHIP
LEARNING
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LESSON PLANNING
LESSON PLANS
LITERATURE
LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION
MATH ACHIEVEMENT
MATHEMATICS
MEDICAL DOCTORS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MULTIGRADE TEACHING
NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
NET ENROLLMENT
OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN
PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE
PEDAGOGICAL MODEL
PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES
PEDAGOGY
PRESERVICE EDUCATION
PRIMARY DATA
PRIMARY EDUCATION
PRIMARY EDUCATION SPENDING
PRIMARY ENROLLMENTS
PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
PRIMARY SCHOOLS
PRIMARY TEACHER
PRIMARY TEACHERS
PRIVATE TUTORING
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
PUBLIC EDUCATION SPENDING
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC SCHOOL
QUALITY INSTRUCTION
QUALITY TEACHERS
QUALITY TEACHING
READING
REMOTE SCHOOLS
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
RESEARCH REPORT
RURAL AREAS
RURAL SCHOOL
RURAL SCHOOLS
SALARY INCREASES
SCHOLARSHIPS
SCHOOL DIRECTORS
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS
SCHOOL LOCATION
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT TEAM
SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
SCHOOL QUALITY
SCHOOL SIZE
SCHOOL SUPPORT
SCHOOL SYSTEMS
SCHOOL TEACHER
SCHOOL TEACHERS
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCIENCE STUDY
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOL
SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATES
SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
SECONDARY STUDENTS
SPORTS
STOCK OF TEACHERS
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ATTENDANCE
STUDENT LEARNING
STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING
TEACHER
TEACHER ATTRITION
TEACHER COMPETENCIES
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER EDUCATION
TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS
TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS
TEACHER EVALUATION
TEACHER EVALUATIONS
TEACHER PAY
TEACHER PERFORMANCE
TEACHER PREPARATION
TEACHER QUALITY
TEACHER SALARIES
TEACHER SHORTAGE
TEACHER SHORTAGES
TEACHER STANDARDS
TEACHER SUPPLY
TEACHER SUPPORT
TEACHER TRAINEES
TEACHER TRAINERS
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER TURNOVER
TEACHER WORKFORCE
TEACHER-STUDENT RATIO
TEACHER-STUDENT RATIOS
TEACHERS
TEACHERS IN SERVICE
TEACHER­TEACHER
TEACHING
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
TEACHING FORCE
TEACHING MATERIALS
TEACHING METHODS
TEACHING PERFORMANCE
TEACHING PRACTICE
TEACHING QUALITY
TEACHING-LEARNING
TEACHING-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TEST SCORES
TRAINEES
TRAINING CENTERS
TRAINING COLLEGE
UNIVERSAL ACCESS
UNIVERSITIES
UNIVERSITY TEACHERS
URBAN SCHOOLS
VISITS TO CLASSROOMS
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS
WORKERS
YOUTH
Fukao, Tsuyoshi
Tandon, Prateek
Educating the Next Generation : Improving Teacher Quality in Cambodia
description This book diagnoses Cambodian teaching quality and presents policy options for reform. Through classroom observation, assessments of mathematics and pedagogical content knowledge, and surveys of teachers and school directors, it sheds light on content and instruction, interactions with school directors, instructional support systems, and the implementation of teacher standards. The book investigates the competencies and skills of those attracted to teaching; it assesses the extent to which preservice education in Cambodia is delivering graduates with high content mastery and exposure to a student-centered learning environment; and it examines how teacher performance has been impacted by national incentives, an evaluation system that is disconnected from classroom realities, and the extent to which opportunities to learn and share best-practice lessons with peers exists. Out of the diagnosis follow three policy pillars to reform how teachers are trained, maintained, and motivated. First, the government must make teaching a much more attractive profession. Second, it must improve how teachers are prepared. And third, it must encourage stronger classroom performance. The book contains detailed recommendations under each policy pillar and provides the platform for Cambodia to undertake its next generation of educational reform.
topic_facet ACCESS TO EDUCATION
ADMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS
AVERAGE SCORE
BASIC EDUCATION
BEGINNING TEACHERS
CALL
CAREER
CAREERS
CIVIL SERVICE
CLASS ACTIVITIES
CLASS TIME
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION
CLASSROOM PRACTICE
CLASSROOM RESEARCH
CLASSROOMS
COGNITIVE SKILLS
CURRICULA
CURRICULAR GUIDELINES
CURRICULUM
DOUBLE SHIFT
DOUBLE SHIFTS
DOUBLE-SHIFT
EARLY CHILDHOOD
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
EARLY EDUCATION
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION
EDUCATION BUDGET
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
EDUCATION FINANCE
EDUCATION INVESTMENT
EDUCATION LEVEL
EDUCATION MANAGEMENT
EDUCATION PROGRAMS
EDUCATION QUALITY
EDUCATION REFORM
EDUCATION SECTOR
EDUCATION SPENDING
EDUCATION SYSTEM
EDUCATION SYSTEMS
EDUCATION TEACHERS
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL REFORM
EFFECTIVE TEACHERS
EFFECTIVE TEACHING
EMPLOYMENT
ENROLLMENT
ENROLLMENT RATE
ENTRANCE EXAM
EQUAL ACCESS
EXAM
EXAMINATION PROCESS
EXAMS
EXIT EXAMINATION
EXPENDITURES
FEMALE TEACHERS
GENDER GAP
GENDER PARITY
GENDER PARITY INDEX
GIRLS
GRADE LEVELS
GRADING
HEAD TEACHER
HIGH SCHOOL
HIGHER EDUCATION
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN RESOURCES
INSTRUCTION
INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT
INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION
JOB SECURITY
LABOR FORCE
LABOR MARKETS
LEADERSHIP
LEARNING
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LESSON PLANNING
LESSON PLANS
LITERATURE
LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION
MATH ACHIEVEMENT
MATHEMATICS
MEDICAL DOCTORS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MULTIGRADE TEACHING
NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
NET ENROLLMENT
OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN
PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE
PEDAGOGICAL MODEL
PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES
PEDAGOGY
PRESERVICE EDUCATION
PRIMARY DATA
PRIMARY EDUCATION
PRIMARY EDUCATION SPENDING
PRIMARY ENROLLMENTS
PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
PRIMARY SCHOOLS
PRIMARY TEACHER
PRIMARY TEACHERS
PRIVATE TUTORING
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
PUBLIC EDUCATION SPENDING
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC SCHOOL
QUALITY INSTRUCTION
QUALITY TEACHERS
QUALITY TEACHING
READING
REMOTE SCHOOLS
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
RESEARCH REPORT
RURAL AREAS
RURAL SCHOOL
RURAL SCHOOLS
SALARY INCREASES
SCHOLARSHIPS
SCHOOL DIRECTORS
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS
SCHOOL LOCATION
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT TEAM
SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
SCHOOL QUALITY
SCHOOL SIZE
SCHOOL SUPPORT
SCHOOL SYSTEMS
SCHOOL TEACHER
SCHOOL TEACHERS
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCIENCE STUDY
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOL
SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATES
SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
SECONDARY STUDENTS
SPORTS
STOCK OF TEACHERS
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ATTENDANCE
STUDENT LEARNING
STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING
TEACHER
TEACHER ATTRITION
TEACHER COMPETENCIES
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER EDUCATION
TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS
TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS
TEACHER EVALUATION
TEACHER EVALUATIONS
TEACHER PAY
TEACHER PERFORMANCE
TEACHER PREPARATION
TEACHER QUALITY
TEACHER SALARIES
TEACHER SHORTAGE
TEACHER SHORTAGES
TEACHER STANDARDS
TEACHER SUPPLY
TEACHER SUPPORT
TEACHER TRAINEES
TEACHER TRAINERS
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER TURNOVER
TEACHER WORKFORCE
TEACHER-STUDENT RATIO
TEACHER-STUDENT RATIOS
TEACHERS
TEACHERS IN SERVICE
TEACHER­TEACHER
TEACHING
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
TEACHING FORCE
TEACHING MATERIALS
TEACHING METHODS
TEACHING PERFORMANCE
TEACHING PRACTICE
TEACHING QUALITY
TEACHING-LEARNING
TEACHING-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TEST SCORES
TRAINEES
TRAINING CENTERS
TRAINING COLLEGE
UNIVERSAL ACCESS
UNIVERSITIES
UNIVERSITY TEACHERS
URBAN SCHOOLS
VISITS TO CLASSROOMS
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS
WORKERS
YOUTH
author Fukao, Tsuyoshi
Tandon, Prateek
author_facet Fukao, Tsuyoshi
Tandon, Prateek
author_sort Fukao, Tsuyoshi
title Educating the Next Generation : Improving Teacher Quality in Cambodia
title_short Educating the Next Generation : Improving Teacher Quality in Cambodia
title_full Educating the Next Generation : Improving Teacher Quality in Cambodia
title_fullStr Educating the Next Generation : Improving Teacher Quality in Cambodia
title_full_unstemmed Educating the Next Generation : Improving Teacher Quality in Cambodia
title_sort educating the next generation : improving teacher quality in cambodia
publisher Washington, DC: World Bank
publishDate 2015
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/01/23091473/educating-next-generation-improving-teacher-quality-cambodia
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/21002
work_keys_str_mv AT fukaotsuyoshi educatingthenextgenerationimprovingteacherqualityincambodia
AT tandonprateek educatingthenextgenerationimprovingteacherqualityincambodia
_version_ 1807154798957428736
spelling dig-okr-10986210022024-08-08T13:33:38Z Educating the Next Generation : Improving Teacher Quality in Cambodia Fukao, Tsuyoshi Tandon, Prateek ACCESS TO EDUCATION ADMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS AVERAGE SCORE BASIC EDUCATION BEGINNING TEACHERS CALL CAREER CAREERS CIVIL SERVICE CLASS ACTIVITIES CLASS TIME CLASSROOM CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION CLASSROOM PRACTICE CLASSROOM RESEARCH CLASSROOMS COGNITIVE SKILLS CURRICULA CURRICULAR GUIDELINES CURRICULUM DOUBLE SHIFT DOUBLE SHIFTS DOUBLE-SHIFT EARLY CHILDHOOD EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION EARLY EDUCATION ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATION BUDGET EDUCATION EXPENDITURE EDUCATION FINANCE EDUCATION INVESTMENT EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION MANAGEMENT EDUCATION PROGRAMS EDUCATION QUALITY EDUCATION REFORM EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION SPENDING EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATION SYSTEMS EDUCATION TEACHERS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATIONAL QUALITY EDUCATIONAL REFORM EFFECTIVE TEACHERS EFFECTIVE TEACHING EMPLOYMENT ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT RATE ENTRANCE EXAM EQUAL ACCESS EXAM EXAMINATION PROCESS EXAMS EXIT EXAMINATION EXPENDITURES FEMALE TEACHERS GENDER GAP GENDER PARITY GENDER PARITY INDEX GIRLS GRADE LEVELS GRADING HEAD TEACHER HIGH SCHOOL HIGHER EDUCATION HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES INSTRUCTION INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION JOB SECURITY LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKETS LEADERSHIP LEARNING LEARNING ENVIRONMENT LEARNING OUTCOMES LESSON PLANNING LESSON PLANS LITERATURE LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION MATH ACHIEVEMENT MATHEMATICS MEDICAL DOCTORS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MULTIGRADE TEACHING NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS NATIONAL UNIVERSITY NET ENROLLMENT OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE PEDAGOGICAL MODEL PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES PEDAGOGY PRESERVICE EDUCATION PRIMARY DATA PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY EDUCATION SPENDING PRIMARY ENROLLMENTS PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIMARY TEACHER PRIMARY TEACHERS PRIVATE TUTORING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS PUBLIC EDUCATION SPENDING PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC SCHOOL QUALITY INSTRUCTION QUALITY TEACHERS QUALITY TEACHING READING REMOTE SCHOOLS RESEARCH INSTITUTE RESEARCH REPORT RURAL AREAS RURAL SCHOOL RURAL SCHOOLS SALARY INCREASES SCHOLARSHIPS SCHOOL DIRECTORS SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS SCHOOL LOCATION SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL MANAGEMENT TEAM SCHOOL PRINCIPALS SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOL SIZE SCHOOL SUPPORT SCHOOL SYSTEMS SCHOOL TEACHER SCHOOL TEACHERS SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SCIENCE STUDY SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATES SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS SECONDARY STUDENTS SPORTS STOCK OF TEACHERS STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT STUDENT ATTENDANCE STUDENT LEARNING STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING TEACHER TEACHER ATTRITION TEACHER COMPETENCIES TEACHER DEVELOPMENT TEACHER EDUCATION TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS TEACHER EVALUATION TEACHER EVALUATIONS TEACHER PAY TEACHER PERFORMANCE TEACHER PREPARATION TEACHER QUALITY TEACHER SALARIES TEACHER SHORTAGE TEACHER SHORTAGES TEACHER STANDARDS TEACHER SUPPLY TEACHER SUPPORT TEACHER TRAINEES TEACHER TRAINERS TEACHER TRAINING TEACHER TURNOVER TEACHER WORKFORCE TEACHER-STUDENT RATIO TEACHER-STUDENT RATIOS TEACHERS TEACHERS IN SERVICE TEACHER­TEACHER TEACHING TEACHING EXPERIENCE TEACHING FORCE TEACHING MATERIALS TEACHING METHODS TEACHING PERFORMANCE TEACHING PRACTICE TEACHING QUALITY TEACHING-LEARNING TEACHING-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TEST SCORES TRAINEES TRAINING CENTERS TRAINING COLLEGE UNIVERSAL ACCESS UNIVERSITIES UNIVERSITY TEACHERS URBAN SCHOOLS VISITS TO CLASSROOMS VOCATIONAL EDUCATION VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS WORKERS YOUTH This book diagnoses Cambodian teaching quality and presents policy options for reform. Through classroom observation, assessments of mathematics and pedagogical content knowledge, and surveys of teachers and school directors, it sheds light on content and instruction, interactions with school directors, instructional support systems, and the implementation of teacher standards. The book investigates the competencies and skills of those attracted to teaching; it assesses the extent to which preservice education in Cambodia is delivering graduates with high content mastery and exposure to a student-centered learning environment; and it examines how teacher performance has been impacted by national incentives, an evaluation system that is disconnected from classroom realities, and the extent to which opportunities to learn and share best-practice lessons with peers exists. Out of the diagnosis follow three policy pillars to reform how teachers are trained, maintained, and motivated. First, the government must make teaching a much more attractive profession. Second, it must improve how teachers are prepared. And third, it must encourage stronger classroom performance. The book contains detailed recommendations under each policy pillar and provides the platform for Cambodia to undertake its next generation of educational reform. 2014-12-30T16:14:15Z 2014-12-30T16:14:15Z 2015 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/01/23091473/educating-next-generation-improving-teacher-quality-cambodia 978-1-4648-0417-5 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/21002 English en_US Directions in Development--Human Development; CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ application/pdf text/plain Washington, DC: World Bank