China's Growth and Poverty Reduction : Trends between 1990 and 1999
The authors investigate recent rends in poverty, and inequality in China, decomposing data on poverty reduction to see who has benefited most from China's economic growth. They find that, by several measures, poverty declined significantly in the 1990s, across a wide range of poverty lines, except that a slight slowdown in China's export, and economic growth in 1997-99 might have hurt the poor. There was a slight increase in the poverty headcount between 1997 and 1999, using lower poverty lines, and a worsening of the poverty gap index. Average per capita consumption declined for farmers, especially those living in poor regions such as Gans, Heilongjiang, Sanxi, and Xinjiang. It is unclear whether this decline was attributable to Asia's economic crisis. Economic growth contributed significantly to poverty reduction, but rising inequality worsened both rural, and urban income distributions - except during the Asian crisis, when the distribution remained relatively stable. The poor benefited far less than the rich from economic growth. Income growth reached, or exceeded the average growth rate only for the richest twenty percent of the population. The authors then examine the relationship between human capital, growth, and poverty. They find that the accumulation of human capital had slowed, and that there is a huge regional disparity in human capital stock. And the distribution of education is becoming increasingly skewed. China must address this problem if it is to succeed in attacking poverty, and inequality.
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dig-okr-1098619586 |
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| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANNUAL INCOME ASIAN CRISES ASSET INEQUALITY AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH RATE AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE PERSON CAPITAL CAPITAL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL FLOWS CONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTION CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST OF LIVING DATA COLLECTION DEMAND SIDE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT NETWORK DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTION DATA DISTRIBUTIONAL DATA DOMESTIC DEMAND ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EXPLAINING CHANGES EXPLAINING INEQUALITY EXTERNAL FACTORS FACTOR INCOME FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GROWTH GROWTH COMPONENT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH MODELS GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH PRO-POOR GROWTH RATES HEAD-COUNT INDEX HEADCOUNT INDEX HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISPARITIES INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME GROWTH RATE INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME SHARE INCOMES INEQUALITY CONSTANT INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LITERACY RATES LIVING STANDARD LONG RUN MACRO POLICY MARKET FAILURES MEAN CONSUMPTION MEAN INCOME MIDDLE INCOME NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL LEVEL NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NATURAL CAPITAL NEGATIVE GROWTH NEGATIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE SIGN PAPERS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR BENEFIT POOR PEOPLE POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY COMPONENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY GROWTH POVERTY HEADCOUNT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY TRAP POVERTY TRENDS PRO-GROWTH POLICIES PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC POLICY QUALITY OF GROWTH REAL INCOME REGIONAL DISPARITIES REGIONAL DISPARITY REGIONAL GROWTH REGIONAL INEQUALITY RELATIVE PRICES RISING INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL POVERTY SCHOOLING ATTAINMENT SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION SOCIAL STAGNATION STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD OF LIVING SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS VULNERABLE PEOPLE WEALTH ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANNUAL INCOME ASIAN CRISES ASSET INEQUALITY AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH RATE AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE PERSON CAPITAL CAPITAL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL FLOWS CONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTION CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST OF LIVING DATA COLLECTION DEMAND SIDE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT NETWORK DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTION DATA DISTRIBUTIONAL DATA DOMESTIC DEMAND ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EXPLAINING CHANGES EXPLAINING INEQUALITY EXTERNAL FACTORS FACTOR INCOME FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GROWTH GROWTH COMPONENT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH MODELS GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH PRO-POOR GROWTH RATES HEAD-COUNT INDEX HEADCOUNT INDEX HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISPARITIES INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME GROWTH RATE INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME SHARE INCOMES INEQUALITY CONSTANT INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LITERACY RATES LIVING STANDARD LONG RUN MACRO POLICY MARKET FAILURES MEAN CONSUMPTION MEAN INCOME MIDDLE INCOME NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL LEVEL NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NATURAL CAPITAL NEGATIVE GROWTH NEGATIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE SIGN PAPERS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR BENEFIT POOR PEOPLE POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY COMPONENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY GROWTH POVERTY HEADCOUNT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY TRAP POVERTY TRENDS PRO-GROWTH POLICIES PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC POLICY QUALITY OF GROWTH REAL INCOME REGIONAL DISPARITIES REGIONAL DISPARITY REGIONAL GROWTH REGIONAL INEQUALITY RELATIVE PRICES RISING INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL POVERTY SCHOOLING ATTAINMENT SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION SOCIAL STAGNATION STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD OF LIVING SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS VULNERABLE PEOPLE WEALTH |
| spellingShingle |
ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANNUAL INCOME ASIAN CRISES ASSET INEQUALITY AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH RATE AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE PERSON CAPITAL CAPITAL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL FLOWS CONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTION CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST OF LIVING DATA COLLECTION DEMAND SIDE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT NETWORK DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTION DATA DISTRIBUTIONAL DATA DOMESTIC DEMAND ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EXPLAINING CHANGES EXPLAINING INEQUALITY EXTERNAL FACTORS FACTOR INCOME FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GROWTH GROWTH COMPONENT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH MODELS GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH PRO-POOR GROWTH RATES HEAD-COUNT INDEX HEADCOUNT INDEX HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISPARITIES INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME GROWTH RATE INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME SHARE INCOMES INEQUALITY CONSTANT INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LITERACY RATES LIVING STANDARD LONG RUN MACRO POLICY MARKET FAILURES MEAN CONSUMPTION MEAN INCOME MIDDLE INCOME NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL LEVEL NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NATURAL CAPITAL NEGATIVE GROWTH NEGATIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE SIGN PAPERS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR BENEFIT POOR PEOPLE POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY COMPONENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY GROWTH POVERTY HEADCOUNT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY TRAP POVERTY TRENDS PRO-GROWTH POLICIES PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC POLICY QUALITY OF GROWTH REAL INCOME REGIONAL DISPARITIES REGIONAL DISPARITY REGIONAL GROWTH REGIONAL INEQUALITY RELATIVE PRICES RISING INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL POVERTY SCHOOLING ATTAINMENT SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION SOCIAL STAGNATION STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD OF LIVING SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS VULNERABLE PEOPLE WEALTH ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANNUAL INCOME ASIAN CRISES ASSET INEQUALITY AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH RATE AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE PERSON CAPITAL CAPITAL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL FLOWS CONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTION CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST OF LIVING DATA COLLECTION DEMAND SIDE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT NETWORK DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTION DATA DISTRIBUTIONAL DATA DOMESTIC DEMAND ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EXPLAINING CHANGES EXPLAINING INEQUALITY EXTERNAL FACTORS FACTOR INCOME FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GROWTH GROWTH COMPONENT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH MODELS GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH PRO-POOR GROWTH RATES HEAD-COUNT INDEX HEADCOUNT INDEX HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISPARITIES INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME GROWTH RATE INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME SHARE INCOMES INEQUALITY CONSTANT INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LITERACY RATES LIVING STANDARD LONG RUN MACRO POLICY MARKET FAILURES MEAN CONSUMPTION MEAN INCOME MIDDLE INCOME NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL LEVEL NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NATURAL CAPITAL NEGATIVE GROWTH NEGATIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE SIGN PAPERS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR BENEFIT POOR PEOPLE POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY COMPONENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY GROWTH POVERTY HEADCOUNT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY TRAP POVERTY TRENDS PRO-GROWTH POLICIES PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC POLICY QUALITY OF GROWTH REAL INCOME REGIONAL DISPARITIES REGIONAL DISPARITY REGIONAL GROWTH REGIONAL INEQUALITY RELATIVE PRICES RISING INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL POVERTY SCHOOLING ATTAINMENT SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION SOCIAL STAGNATION STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD OF LIVING SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS VULNERABLE PEOPLE WEALTH Chen, Shaohua Wang, Yan China's Growth and Poverty Reduction : Trends between 1990 and 1999 |
| description |
The authors investigate recent rends in
poverty, and inequality in China, decomposing data on
poverty reduction to see who has benefited most from
China's economic growth. They find that, by several
measures, poverty declined significantly in the 1990s,
across a wide range of poverty lines, except that a slight
slowdown in China's export, and economic growth in
1997-99 might have hurt the poor. There was a slight
increase in the poverty headcount between 1997 and 1999,
using lower poverty lines, and a worsening of the poverty
gap index. Average per capita consumption declined for
farmers, especially those living in poor regions such as
Gans, Heilongjiang, Sanxi, and Xinjiang. It is unclear
whether this decline was attributable to Asia's
economic crisis. Economic growth contributed significantly
to poverty reduction, but rising inequality worsened both
rural, and urban income distributions - except during the
Asian crisis, when the distribution remained relatively
stable. The poor benefited far less than the rich from
economic growth. Income growth reached, or exceeded the
average growth rate only for the richest twenty percent of
the population. The authors then examine the relationship
between human capital, growth, and poverty. They find that
the accumulation of human capital had slowed, and that there
is a huge regional disparity in human capital stock. And the
distribution of education is becoming increasingly skewed.
China must address this problem if it is to succeed in
attacking poverty, and inequality. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| topic_facet |
ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANNUAL INCOME ASIAN CRISES ASSET INEQUALITY AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH RATE AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE PERSON CAPITAL CAPITAL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL FLOWS CONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTION CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST OF LIVING DATA COLLECTION DEMAND SIDE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT NETWORK DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTION DATA DISTRIBUTIONAL DATA DOMESTIC DEMAND ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EXPLAINING CHANGES EXPLAINING INEQUALITY EXTERNAL FACTORS FACTOR INCOME FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GROWTH GROWTH COMPONENT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH MODELS GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH PRO-POOR GROWTH RATES HEAD-COUNT INDEX HEADCOUNT INDEX HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISPARITIES INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME GROWTH RATE INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME SHARE INCOMES INEQUALITY CONSTANT INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LITERACY RATES LIVING STANDARD LONG RUN MACRO POLICY MARKET FAILURES MEAN CONSUMPTION MEAN INCOME MIDDLE INCOME NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL LEVEL NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NATURAL CAPITAL NEGATIVE GROWTH NEGATIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE SIGN PAPERS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR BENEFIT POOR PEOPLE POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY COMPONENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY GROWTH POVERTY HEADCOUNT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY TRAP POVERTY TRENDS PRO-GROWTH POLICIES PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC POLICY QUALITY OF GROWTH REAL INCOME REGIONAL DISPARITIES REGIONAL DISPARITY REGIONAL GROWTH REGIONAL INEQUALITY RELATIVE PRICES RISING INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL POVERTY SCHOOLING ATTAINMENT SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION SOCIAL STAGNATION STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD OF LIVING SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS VULNERABLE PEOPLE WEALTH |
| author |
Chen, Shaohua Wang, Yan |
| author_facet |
Chen, Shaohua Wang, Yan |
| author_sort |
Chen, Shaohua |
| title |
China's Growth and Poverty Reduction : Trends between 1990 and 1999 |
| title_short |
China's Growth and Poverty Reduction : Trends between 1990 and 1999 |
| title_full |
China's Growth and Poverty Reduction : Trends between 1990 and 1999 |
| title_fullStr |
China's Growth and Poverty Reduction : Trends between 1990 and 1999 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
China's Growth and Poverty Reduction : Trends between 1990 and 1999 |
| title_sort |
china's growth and poverty reduction : trends between 1990 and 1999 |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2001-07 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/07/1552067/chinas-growth-poverty-reduction-trends-between-1990-1999 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19586 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT chenshaohua chinasgrowthandpovertyreductiontrendsbetween1990and1999 AT wangyan chinasgrowthandpovertyreductiontrendsbetween1990and1999 |
| _version_ |
1756573508429676544 |
| spelling |
dig-okr-10986195862021-04-23T14:03:43Z China's Growth and Poverty Reduction : Trends between 1990 and 1999 Chen, Shaohua Wang, Yan ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ANNUAL INCOME ASIAN CRISES ASSET INEQUALITY AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE GROWTH RATE AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE PERSON CAPITAL CAPITAL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL FLOWS CONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTION CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST OF LIVING DATA COLLECTION DEMAND SIDE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT NETWORK DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTION DATA DISTRIBUTIONAL DATA DOMESTIC DEMAND ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EXPLAINING CHANGES EXPLAINING INEQUALITY EXTERNAL FACTORS FACTOR INCOME FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GROWTH GROWTH COMPONENT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH MODELS GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH PRO-POOR GROWTH RATES HEAD-COUNT INDEX HEADCOUNT INDEX HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME DISPARITIES INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME GROWTH RATE INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME SHARE INCOMES INEQUALITY CONSTANT INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LITERACY RATES LIVING STANDARD LONG RUN MACRO POLICY MARKET FAILURES MEAN CONSUMPTION MEAN INCOME MIDDLE INCOME NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL LEVEL NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINES NATURAL CAPITAL NEGATIVE GROWTH NEGATIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE SIGN PAPERS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR BENEFIT POOR PEOPLE POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY COMPONENT POVERTY GAP POVERTY GROWTH POVERTY HEADCOUNT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY TRAP POVERTY TRENDS PRO-GROWTH POLICIES PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC POLICY QUALITY OF GROWTH REAL INCOME REGIONAL DISPARITIES REGIONAL DISPARITY REGIONAL GROWTH REGIONAL INEQUALITY RELATIVE PRICES RISING INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL POVERTY SCHOOLING ATTAINMENT SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION SOCIAL STAGNATION STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD OF LIVING SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS VULNERABLE PEOPLE WEALTH The authors investigate recent rends in poverty, and inequality in China, decomposing data on poverty reduction to see who has benefited most from China's economic growth. They find that, by several measures, poverty declined significantly in the 1990s, across a wide range of poverty lines, except that a slight slowdown in China's export, and economic growth in 1997-99 might have hurt the poor. There was a slight increase in the poverty headcount between 1997 and 1999, using lower poverty lines, and a worsening of the poverty gap index. Average per capita consumption declined for farmers, especially those living in poor regions such as Gans, Heilongjiang, Sanxi, and Xinjiang. It is unclear whether this decline was attributable to Asia's economic crisis. Economic growth contributed significantly to poverty reduction, but rising inequality worsened both rural, and urban income distributions - except during the Asian crisis, when the distribution remained relatively stable. The poor benefited far less than the rich from economic growth. Income growth reached, or exceeded the average growth rate only for the richest twenty percent of the population. The authors then examine the relationship between human capital, growth, and poverty. They find that the accumulation of human capital had slowed, and that there is a huge regional disparity in human capital stock. And the distribution of education is becoming increasingly skewed. China must address this problem if it is to succeed in attacking poverty, and inequality. 2014-08-21T19:11:16Z 2014-08-21T19:11:16Z 2001-07 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/07/1552067/chinas-growth-poverty-reduction-trends-between-1990-1999 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19586 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2651 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research East Asia and Pacific China |